{"id":1066,"date":"2026-01-25T10:33:39","date_gmt":"2026-01-25T01:33:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/?p=1066"},"modified":"2026-01-25T17:34:19","modified_gmt":"2026-01-25T08:34:19","slug":"ambiguity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/ambiguity\/","title":{"rendered":"\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3068\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\uff08\u5951\u7d04\u7ffb\u8a33\uff09\u7b2c1\u56de"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3068\u5951\u7d04\u7ffb\u8a33<\/h2>\n<p><b>[1-001]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3042\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3001\u53e5\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u6587\u7ae0\u30011\u3064\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u9805\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u95a2\u9023\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u306e\u91cd\u8907\u6761\u9805\u304c\uff12\u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\uff08\u5951\u7d04\u7ffb\u8a33\uff09\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u305f\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u4e89\u308f\u308c\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u5224\u4f8b\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u4e89\u308f\u308c\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u3057\u3066\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\u306b\u751f\u304b\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u72d9\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-002]<\/b><br \/>\n\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u8a00\u8a9e\uff08natural language\uff09\u3067\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u8a9e\uff08general language\uff09\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u8a00\u8a9e\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u8a9e\u306f\u3001H. L. A. Hart\u306e\u3044\u3046\u300c\u7dbb\u3073\uff08open texture\uff09\u300d\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u7dbb\u3073\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce81\uff09<\/sup>\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300cbank\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5ddd\u5cb8\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3068\u300c\u9280\u884c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300csanction\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8a8d\u53ef\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3068\u300c\u5236\u88c1\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f8\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u30fb\u8a00\u8a9e\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u300c\u7dbb\u3073\u300d\u3092\u3082\u3064\u81ea\u7136\u8a00\u8a9e\u30fb\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u8a9e\u3092\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306f\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u5f53\u7136\u306b\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u3082\u300c\u7dbb\u3073\u300d\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce81\uff09\uff08H.L.A.\u30cf\u30fc\u30c8\uff08\u9577\u8c37\u90e8\u8a33\uff092023\uff09H.L.A \u30cf\u30fc\u30c8\u3000\u9577\u8c37\u90e8\u606d\u7537\u8a33\u300e\u6cd5\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\uff08 \u7b2c3\u7248\uff09\u300f\uff08\u3061\u304f\u307e\u5b66\u82b8\u6587\u5eab\u3001\u7b51\u6469eBooks\u30012023\uff09\u3001\u7b2cVII\u7ae0\u7b2c\uff11\u7bc0\u3002\uff08H.L.A. Hart 1961\uff09H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law, Oxford, 1961, pp.12 \u2013 5<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-003]<\/b><br \/>\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300cbank\u300d\u3068\u304b\u300csanction\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3084\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u304b\u3089\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u5224\u65ad\u304c\u3064\u304f\u5834\u5408\u3082\u591a\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u304c\u5bb9\u6613\u3067\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3082\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u7de0\u7d50\u5f53\u6642\u306b\u306f\u4e88\u60f3\u3082\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u610f\u5473\u304c\u52a0\u308f\u308a\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300cNo vehicle may be taken into the park\uff08\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u4e57\u308a\u7269\u3082\u516c\u5712\u306b\u6301\u3061\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff09\u300d\u306e\u300cvehicle\uff08\u4e57\u308a\u7269\uff09\u300d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u81ea\u52d5\u8eca\u3001\u30e2\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u30d0\u30a4\u30af\u3001\u30ed\u30fc\u30e9\u30fc\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8\u306a\u3069\u300d\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u554f\u984c\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u304c\u4f5c\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6642\u306b\u4e88\u60f3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u8ca9\u58f2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u304a\u3082\u3061\u3083\u306e\u96fb\u6c17\u81ea\u52d5\u8eca\uff08a toy motorcar electrically propelled\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u300cvehicle\u300d\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u554f\u984c\u3082\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u3046\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce82\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce82\uff09\uff08H.L.A.\u30cf\u30fc\u30c8\uff08\u9577\u8c37\u90e8\u8a33\uff092023\uff09\u7b2cVII\u7ae0\u7b2c\uff11\u7bc0\u3002\uff08H.L.A. Hart 1961\uff09pp. 125 \u2013 6<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-004]<\/b><br \/>\n\u4e0a\u306b\u4f8b\u793a\u3057\u305f\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u306f\u300c\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u4e0a\u306e\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08Semantic Ambiguity\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u307b\u304b\u306b\u3082\u3001\u300c\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u4e0a\u306e\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08Syntactic Ambiguity\uff09\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08contextual ambiguity\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce83\uff09<\/sup><sup>\uff08\u6ce84\uff09<\/sup><sup>\uff08\u6ce85\uff09<\/sup>\u672c\u9805\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5206\u985e\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u5224\u4f8b\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce83\uff09\uff08Adams &amp; Gramer 2020\uff09Cynthia M. Adams \u30fbPeter K. Gramer, A Practical Guide to Drafting Contracts From Concept to Closure, Second Edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2020, pp, 69 \u2013 70<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce84\uff09\uff08Espenschied 2019\uff09Lenn\u00e9 Eidson Espenschied, CONTRACT DRAFTING powerful prose in Transactional Practice, Third Edition, American Bar Association, 2019, pp. 35 \u2013 43<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce85\uff09\uff08Doonan &amp; Foster 2001\uff09Elmer Doonan &amp; Charles Foster, Drafting, 2nd Edition, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2001, p. 98<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-005]<\/b><br \/>\n\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u30c9\u30e9\u30d5\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u6271\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5c02\u9580\u66f8\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u4f5c\u6210\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u3063\u3066\u6ce8\u610f\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff11\u3064\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300cAvoiding ambiguity\uff08\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff09\u300d\u3092\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce86\uff09<\/sup>\uff08Farnsworth 2004\uff09\u306f\u3001\u7d1b\u4e89\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7d1b\u4e89\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3066\u88c1\u5224\u3067\u554f\u984c\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u5225\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3092\u8349\u6848\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306e\u6559\u8a13\uff08lesson\uff09\u3068\u306a\u308b<sup>\uff08\u6ce87\uff09<\/sup>\u3001\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6559\u8a13\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u7ffb\u8a33\u306b\u3082\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u307e\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce86\uff09\uff08Adams &amp; Gramer 2020\uff09p. 68\u306f\u3001\u660e\u78ba\uff08clear\uff09\u30fb\u7c21\u6f54\uff08concise\uff09\u30fb\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\uff08precise\uff09\u6587\u7ae0\u3067\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3092\u8349\u6848\u3059\u308b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u539f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u306e\uff15\u3064\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002(1) \u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\uff08\uff12\uff09\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u66f8\u5f0f\u3001\u6587\u4f53\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7528\u8a9e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u7d71\u4e00\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\uff08\uff13\uff09\u6587\u6cd5\u304a\u3088\u3073\u53e5\u8aad\u70b9\u306e\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u5b88\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\uff08\uff14\uff09\u6613\u3057\u3044\u8a9e\u30fb\u53e5\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\uff08\uff15\uff09\u77ed\u3044\u3001\u6613\u3057\u3044\u6587\u7ae0\u3067\u66f8\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce87\uff09\uff08Farnsworth 2004\uff09E. Allan Farnsworth, Contracts, Fourth Edition, ASPEN Publishers, 2004, p.414<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-006]<\/b><br \/>\n\u300c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3068\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\uff08\u5951\u7d04\u7ffb\u8a33\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u76ee\u7684\u3082\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8349\u6848\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u591a\u304f\u304c\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u7ffb\u8a33\u305d\u308c\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u56fa\u6709\u6027\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3059\u3067\u306b\u8349\u6848\u3055\u308c\u305f\u539f\u6587\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3067\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5224\u4f8b\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u3063\u3066\u3001\u539f\u6587\u306b\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3092\u7ffb\u8a33\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u751f\u3058\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u539f\u6587\u306b\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u7ffb\u8a33\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-007]<\/b><br \/>\n\uff08Espenschied 2019\uff09\u306f\u300cAmbiguity is the blight of enforceable contract\uff08\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u5bb3\u866b\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u300d<sup>\uff08\u6ce88\uff09<\/sup>\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u76ee\u7684\u306e\uff11\u3064\u306f\u3001\u539f\u6587\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300c\u5bb3\u866b\uff08blight\uff09\u300d\u3092\u305d\u308c\u304c\u7ffb\u8a33\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u4eee\u306b\u539f\u6587\u306b\u5bb3\u866b\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u7ffb\u8a33\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u3053\u306e\u5bb3\u866b\u3092\u99c6\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce88\uff09\uff08Espenschied 2019\uff09p.32<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-008]<\/b><br \/>\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3068\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\uff08\u5951\u7d04\u7ffb\u8a33\uff09\u300d\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u308b\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u308a\u3001\u306f\u3058\u3081\u306b\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3068\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u7279\u7570\u306a\u6cd5\u73fe\u8c61\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u305a\u3064\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u4e0a\u3067\u57fa\u5e95\u3092\u306a\u3059\u4e8b\u9805\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-009]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8cb4\u65cf\u9662\uff08\u4e0a\u544a\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\uff09\uff08the House of Lords\uff09\u3068\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08the Supreme Court\uff09<sup>\uff08\u6ce89\uff09<\/sup>\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306e\uff11\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300cbusiness common sense\/ commercial common sense\u300d\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002Lord Hoffman\u304c1998\u5e74\u306bInvestors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30682009\u5e74\u306eChartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306e\uff11\u3064\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u30012011\u5e74\u306eRainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067Lord Clarke\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8ecc\u9053\u4fee\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u30012015\u5e74\u306eArnold v Britton\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001Lord Neuberger\u304c\u767a\u5c55\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce89\uff09\uff08\u6e9c\u7bad 2016\uff09\u6e9c\u7bad\u5c06\u4e4b\u300e\u82f1\u7c73\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u6cd5\u300f\uff08\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u4f1a\u30012016\uff095\u9801\uff08\u300c\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u306f\u30012005\u5e74\u61b2\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308a\u8a2d\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u30012009 \u5e7410\u6708\u306b\u904b\u7528\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u524d\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u8cb4\u65cf\u9662\u4e0a\u544a\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-010]<\/b><br \/>\n\u4ed6\u65b9\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u966a\u5be9\u3068\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e2\u5927\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u5dde\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08law court\uff09\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08chancellor court\uff09\u306f\u7d71\u5408\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u89e3\u6c7a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u533a\u5225\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u966a\u5be9\uff08civil jury\uff09\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u5b9f\u52d9\u4e0a\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u5dde\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u3067\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u5224\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7406\u7531\u304b\u3089\u3001\u306f\u3058\u3081\u306b\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u966a\u5be9\u3068\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u300d\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u3066\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-011]<\/b><br \/>\n\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3068\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7279\u7570\u306a\u6cd5\u73fe\u8c61\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u672c\u7a3f\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5224\u4f8b\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u306b\u969b\u3057\u3066\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3079\u304d\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-012]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u7279\u7570\u306a\u6cd5\u73fe\u8c61\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u8cb4\u65cf\u9662\u3068\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u53d6\u308a\u6271\u3063\u305f\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u6307\u91dd\u3068\u3059\u3079\u304d\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u6cd5\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3068\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce810\uff09<\/sup>\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306f\u30011998\u5e74\u306eInvestors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30012009\u5e74\u306eChartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30012011\u5e74\u306eRainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30012015\u5e74\u306eArnold v Britton\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30012017\u5e74\u306eWood v Capita Insurance Services Ltd\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58<sup>\uff08\u6ce811\uff09<\/sup>\uff08business commonsense\/ commercial common sense\/ commercial good sense\uff09\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30011998\u5e74\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30012009\u5e74\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30012011\u5e74\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30682015\u5e74\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce810\uff09\uff08McKendrick 2023\uff09Ewan Mckendrick, Contract Law, Fifteenth Edition, HART 2023, p. 189<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce811\uff09\u8cb4\u65cf\u9662\u3068\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300cbusiness common sense\/ commercial common sense\u300d\u306f\u3001\uff08\u5cf6\u7530 2014\uff09\u5cf6\u7530\u771f\u7434\u300e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u53d6\u5f15\u6cd5\u5165\u9580\u300f\uff08\u6176\u5fdc\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u4f1a 2014\uff0979\u9801\u306f\u3001\u300c\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u5e38\u8b58\u300d\u306e\u8a33\u8a9e\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff08McKendrick 2023\uff09\u306f\u3001\u300ccommercial good sense\u300d\u3068\u66f8\u304d\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300ccommercial good sense\u300d\u3092\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u7ffb\u8a33\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300c\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u300d\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a33\u3067\u7d71\u4e00\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30012017\u5e74\u50b5\u6a29\u6cd5\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u3067\u3001\u300c\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u901a\u5ff5\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7528\u8a9e\u304c\u6c11\u6cd5\u306b9\u304b\u6240\uff08\u6c11\u6cd595\u6761\u3001400\u6761\u3001412\u6761\u306e\uff12\uff0c415\u6761\u3001478\u6761\u3001483\u6761\u3001504\u6761\u3001541\u6761\u3001528\u6761\u306e\uff12\uff09\u65b0\u305f\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5916\u56fd\u8a9e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u300cthe common sense trading practices\u300d\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-013]<\/b><br \/>\n1998\u5e74\u306eInvestors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cICS\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001Lord Hoffman\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u5951\u7d04\u6cd5\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\uff15\u3064\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3092\u63b2\u3052\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7406\u89e3\u91c8\u304b\u3089\u76ee\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\uff08\u6587\u8108\u89e3\u91c8\uff09\u3078\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce812\uff09<\/sup>\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\uff14\u539f\u5247\u3068\u7b2c\uff15\u539f\u5247\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce812\uff09\uff08Pool\u2019s Casebook 2023\uff09Robert Merkin &amp; S\u00e9verine Saintier, Poole\u2019s Casebook on CONTRACT LAW, 16th EDITION, Oxford 2023, p. 235<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-014]<\/b><br \/>\nICS\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u7b2c\uff14\u539f\u5247\u3068\u7b2c\uff15\u539f\u5247\u306f\u3001\u6982\u7565\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n(\u7b2c\uff14\u539f\u5247)<br \/>\n\u6587\u66f8\uff08document\uff09\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3068\u8a00\u8449\uff08words\uff09\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3068\u306f\u540c\u3058\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u8f9e\u66f8\u3084\u6587\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u4e8b\u9805\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6587\u66f8\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u95a2\u9023\u306e\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\uff08relevant background\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u305f\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\uff08the reasonable person\uff09\u304c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7528\u8a9e\uff08words which are ambiguous\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b\u610f\u5473\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e\uff11\u3064\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u9593\u9055\u3063\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u305f\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n(\u7b2c\uff15\u539f\u5247)<br \/>\n\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u306e\u610f\u5473\u304a\u3088\u3073\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u610f\u5473\uff08natural and ordinary meaning\uff09\u300d\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u539f\u5247\uff08rule\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6b63\u5f0f\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u3067\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\u306e\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3092\u304a\u304b\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308a\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e38\u8b58\uff08common-sense\uff09\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u80cc\u666f\uff08\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u304b\u3089\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\u4f55\u304b\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff08something must have gone wrong with the language\uff09\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306f\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306f\u305a\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3048\u308b\u610f\u601d\u3092\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306e\u610f\u601d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u3001business common sense\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce813\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce813\uff09Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society (No.1) [1998] 1 WLR 896 (HL)\u3001\uff08Pool\u2019s Casebook 2023\uff09pp. 236 \u2013 7<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-015]<\/b><br \/>\nICS\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b2c\uff14\u539f\u5247\u30fb\u7b2c\uff15\u539f\u5247\u306f\u30012009\u5e74\u306eChartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cChartbrook\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff09<sup>\uff08\u6ce814\uff09<\/sup>\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002Chartbrook \u306fPersimmon \u3068\u306e\u9593\u3067\u571f\u5730\u958b\u767a\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3092\u7de0\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u304c\u6240\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u958b\u767a\u7528\u5730\u306b\u8907\u5408\u5546\u696d\u4f4f\u5b85\u958b\u767a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092Persimmon\u306b\u8a31\u53ef\u3057\u3001Persimmon\u304c\u5efa\u8a2d\u3057\u8ca9\u58f2\u3059\u308b\u8cb8\u5e97\u8217\u3001\u5c45\u4f4f\u5efa\u7269\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5c45\u4f4f\u7528\u99d0\u8eca\u5834\u304b\u3089\u306e\u53ce\u76ca\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u958b\u767a\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6761\u9805\u306e\u3072\u3068\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u8ffd\u52a0\u5efa\u58f2\u652f\u6255\u91d1\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306b\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u4e89\u3044\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce814\uff09Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Houses Ltd UKHL 38 [2009] WLR 267 (HL) .\uff08TREITEL\/ Peel 2020\uff09Edwin Peel, TRIETEL THE LAW OF CONTRACT, Fifteenth Edition, SWEET &amp; MAXWEL 2020, pp. 251- 2. \uff08Catterwell 2020\uff09Ryan Catterwell, A United Approach to Contract Interpretation, HART 2020, pp. 152 \u2013 155.\uff08CALNAN 2017 (eBook)\uff09RICHARD CALNAN, PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACTUAL INTERPRETATION, SECOND EDITION, OXFORD 2017, [7.126] \u2013 [7.30].\uff08\u5cf6\u7530 2014\uff0980\u9801<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-016]<\/b><br \/>\n\u8ffd\u52a0\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u652f\u6255\u91d1\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\u201cAdditional Residential Payment\u201d means 23.4 per cent of the price achieved for each Residential Unit in excess of the Minimum Guaranteed Residential Unit Value less the Costs and Incentives.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\u8ffd\u52a0\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u652f\u6255\u91d1\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8cbb\u7528\u53ca\u3073\u30a4\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u3092\u5dee\u3057\u5f15\u304d\u3001\u6700\u4f4e\u4fdd\u8a3c\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u4fa1\u683c\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u5404\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u58f2\u4e0a\u4fa1\u683c\u306e23.4\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-017]<\/b><br \/>\nChartbrook\u306f\u3001\u8a72\u5f53\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3092\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u8ffd\u52a0\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u652f\u6255\u91d1\uff08\u300cARS\u300d\uff09\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\uff08\uff11\uff09\u5404\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u58f2\u4e0a\u4fa1\u683c\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3001\uff08\uff12\uff09\u3053\u306e\u984d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6700\u4f4e\u4fdd\u8a3c\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u4fa1\u683c\u3068\u8cbb\u7528\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u3092\u5dee\u3057\u5f15\u304f\u3001\uff08\uff13\uff09\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6570\u5b57\u306b23.4\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u4e57\u3058\u308b\u3001\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u30014,484,000\u30dd\u30f3\u30c9\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-018]<\/b><br \/>\nPersimmon\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8ffd\u52a0\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u652f\u6255\u91d1\uff08\u300cARS\u300d\uff09\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\uff08\uff11\uff09\u5404\u58f2\u4e0a\u4f4f\u5b85\u58f2\u4e0a\u4fa1\u683c\u304b\u3089\u8cbb\u7528\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u3092\u5dee\u3057\u5f15\u3044\u3066\u7d14\u58f2\u4e0a\u9ad8\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3001\uff08\uff12\uff09\u3053\u306e\u984d\u306b23.4\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u4e57\u3058\u308b\u3001\uff08\uff13\uff09\u3053\u306e\u984d\u304c\u6700\u4f4e\u4fdd\u8a3c\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u4fa1\u683c\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u984d\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u984d\u304cARS\u306e\u91d1\u984d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001897,000\u30dd\u30f3\u30c9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-019]<\/b><br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u5be9\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u5be9\u3068\u3082\u3001Chartbrook\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u6700\u3082\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u8cb4\u65cf\u9662\u306f\u3001\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u3067\u3001Persimmon\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-020]<\/b><br \/>\nLord Hoffman\u306f\u3001ICS\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u7b2c\uff14\u539f\u5247\u30fb\u7b2c\uff15\u539f\u5247\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-021]<\/b><br \/>\nLord Hoffman\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\uff15\u539f\u5247\u306e\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\u4f55\u304b\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff08something must have gone wrong with the language\uff09\u300d\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3001\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\uff08commercial common sense\uff09\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u306a\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u7b87\u6240\u306b\u300cthe date of payment if any\u300d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306b\u300cif any\u300d\u306e\u8a9e\u53e5\u304c\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u652f\u6255\u65e5\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306e\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u60f3\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001Charbrook\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u652f\u6255\u65e5\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6587\u8a00\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u306f\u7269\u4fa1\u304c\u4e0a\u6607\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u60c5\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u7de0\u7d50\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7269\u4fa1\u304c\u4e0a\u6607\u3057\u3066\u5efa\u58f2\u4f4f\u5b85\u304c\u5f53\u521d\u4e88\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3088\u308a\u9ad8\u304f\u58f2\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306e\u300c\u8ffd\u52a0\u306e\u652f\u6255\u3044\u300d\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5076\u767a\u4e8b\u8c61\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\uff08the reasonable person\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070Persimmon\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u305f\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-022]<\/b><br \/>\nChartbrook\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6587\u8a00\u3092\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u304c\u300c\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u300d\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\u4f55\u304b\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6587\u8a00\u304c\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5371\u60e7\u3082\u751f\u3058\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002\u6cd5\u7684\u5b89\u5b9a\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u3082\u6279\u5224\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306eChartbrook\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306b\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u30012011\u5e74\u306eRainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u8ecc\u9053\u4fee\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-023]<\/b><br \/>\n2011\u5e74\u306eRainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cRainy Sky\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff09<sup>\uff08\u6ce815\uff09<\/sup>\u306f\u3001\u9020\u8239\u5951\u7d04\u3067\u9020\u8239\u4f1a\u793e\u306b\u652f\u6255\u308f\u308c\u308b\u5206\u5272\u6255\u3044\u91d1\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u9280\u884c\u304c\u4fdd\u8a3c\u72b6\uff08bond\uff09\u3092\u767a\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3088\u304f\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u9280\u884c\u306e\u4fdd\u8a3c\u72b6\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306f\u9020\u8239\u4f1a\u793e\u306b\u8239\u8236\u306e\u5efa\u9020\u3092\u4f9d\u983c\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u8239\u8236\u304c\u5efa\u9020\u3055\u308c\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3001\u5efa\u9020\u91d1\u984d\u3092\u5206\u5272\u3067\u524d\u6255\u3044\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u8239\u8236\u306e\u5f15\u6e21\u3057\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3053\u306e\u524d\u6255\u3044\u306e\u5206\u5272\u91d1\u304c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u8fd4\u91d1\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8fd4\u91d1\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u9280\u884c\u767a\u884c\u306e\u4fdd\u8a3c\u72b6\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u9020\u8239\u4f1a\u793e\u304c\u9020\u8239\u5efa\u8a2d\u4e2d\u306b\u7834\u7523\u3057\u3001\u8239\u8236\u306e\u5f15\u6e21\u3057\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u4fdd\u8a3c\u72b6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u652f\u6255\u6e08\u307f\u306e\u5206\u5272\u91d1\u306e\u8fd4\u91d1\u3092\u9280\u884c\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u3002\u9280\u884c\u306f\u4fdd\u8a3c\u72b6\u306e\u8a72\u5f53\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306b\u652f\u6255\u3044\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u305f\u3002\u88c1\u5224\u3067\u4e89\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304c\u672c\u4ef6\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce815\uff09Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank [2011] UKSC 50, [2022] 1 WLR 2900 (SC) .\uff08Pool\u2019s Casebook 2023\uff09pp. 237 \u2013 240. \uff08Catterwell 2020\uff09pp. 147 \u2013 9. CALNAN 2017 (eBook)\uff09[6.29] \u2013 [6.32].\uff08\u5cf6\u7530 2024\uff0979\u9801<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-024]<\/b><br \/>\n\u9280\u884c\u767a\u884c\u306e\u4fdd\u8a3c\u72b6\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\uff11\u9805\u3067\u9020\u8239\u5951\u7d04\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u3001\u7b2c\uff12\u9805\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7b2c\uff13\u9805\u3067\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n2. You (the buyer) are entitled, upon your rejection of the vessel in accordance with the terms of the contract, your termination, cancellation or recession of the contract or upon a total loss of the vessel, to repayment of the pre-delivery instalments of the contract price paid by you prior to such termination or a total loss of the vessel (as the case may be) \u2026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\uff12\uff0e\u672c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u304c\u672c\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u8239\u8236\u306e\u53d7\u6e21\u3057\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u672c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u304c\u672c\u5951\u7d04\u3092\u7d42\u4e86\u3057\u3001\u89e3\u7d04\u3057\u3001\u82e5\u3057\u304f\u306f\u53d6\u308a\u6d88\u3059\u3068\u304d\u3001\u53c8\u306f\u8239\u8236\u304c\u5168\u640d\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u672c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u8239\u8236\u306e\u5f53\u8a72\u5168\u640d\u524d\u306b\uff08\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\uff09\u672c\u5951\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308a\u8cb7\u4e3b\u304c\u652f\u6255\u3063\u305f\u5f15\u6e21\u524d\u5206\u5272\u91d1\u306e\u8fd4\u91d1\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n3. In consideration of your [the buyer\u2019s] agreement to make the pre-delivery instalments under the contract, we [the bank] hereby, as primary obligor, irrevocably and unconditionally undertake to pay to you [the buyer] \u2026 all such sums due to you under the contract\u2026<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\uff13\uff0e\u672c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u304c\u672c\u5951\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5f15\u6e21\u524d\u5206\u5272\u91d1\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3046\uff08\u9020\u8239\uff09\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u5bfe\u4fa1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f53\u9280\u884c\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u50b5\u52d9\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u53d6\u6d88\u4e0d\u80fd\u304b\u3064\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u3001\u672c\u5951\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u652f\u6255\u7fa9\u52d9\u306e\u3042\u308b\u5f53\u8a72\u5168\u3066\u306e\u91d1\u984d\u3092\u672c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u652f\u6255\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-025]<\/b><br \/>\n\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\uff13\u9805\u306e\u300call such sums\uff08\u5f53\u8a72\u5168\u3066\u306e\u91d1\u984d\uff09\u300d\u3068\u306f\u3001\u300cthe pre-delivery instalments\uff08\u5f15\u6e21\u524d\u5206\u5272\u91d1\uff09\u300d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9280\u884c\u306f\u8cb7\u4e3b\u304c\u652f\u6255\u3063\u305f\u5168\u3066\u306e\u5f15\u6e21\u524d\u5206\u5272\u91d1\u3092\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u652f\u6255\u3046\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-026]<\/b><br \/>\n\u9280\u884c\u306f\u3001\uff13\u9805\u306e\u300call such sums\uff08\u5f53\u8a72\u5168\u3066\u306e\u91d1\u984d\uff09\u300d\u3068\u306f\u3001\uff12\u9805\u306e\u300cthe pre-delivery instalments\uff08\u5f15\u6e21\u524d\u5206\u5272\u91d1\uff09\u300d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306e\u5f15\u6e21\u524d\u5206\u5272\u91d1\u304c\u8fd4\u91d1\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3068\u306f\uff12\u9805\u306b\u660e\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\uff08\u8239\u8236\u53d7\u6e21\u3057\u62d2\u5426\u3001\u672c\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u7d42\u4e86\u30fb\u89e3\u7d04\u30fb\u53d6\u6d88\u3057\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8239\u8236\u5168\u640d\u306e\u5834\u5408\uff09\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7834\u7523\u306f\u305d\u3053\u306b\u660e\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\uff12\u9805\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u8a72\u5f53\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\u8fd4\u91d1\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-027]<\/b><br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u5be9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u9280\u884c\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u5546\u696d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306e\u52dd\u8a34\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002\u63a7\u8a34\u5be9\u3082\u3001\u9280\u884c\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u9053\u7406\u306b\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3082\u53d6\u5f15\u306e\u55b6\u5229\u6027\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3068\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306f\u305a\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-028]<\/b><br \/>\n\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3002\u5546\u696d\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\uff12\u3064\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u3046\u3061\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\uff08business common sense\uff09\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u53d6\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u5546\u696d\u4e0a\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u9053\u7406\u306b\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u5fc5\u8981\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u4fdd\u8a3c\u72b6\u306e\uff13\u9805\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3001\u8cb7\u4e3b\u304a\u3088\u3073\u9280\u884c\u304c\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff12\u3064\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u305d\u308c\u306a\u308a\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304c\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\uff08commercial common sense\uff09\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u9069\u5207\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u4ef6\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u3001\u4fdd\u8a3c\u72b6\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-029]<\/b><br \/>\nRainy Sky\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u3001Lord Clarke\u304c\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u6307\u91dd\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u6982\u7565\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3068\u304a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\uff11\uff09\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8449\uff08language\uff09\u306f\u3001\uff12\u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u610f\u5473\uff08more than one potential meaning\uff09\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u5951\u7d04\u7de0\u7d50\u306e\u6642\u306b\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3067\u304d\u305f\u306f\u305a\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\uff08the reasonable person\uff09\u304c\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\u304c\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3068\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\uff12\uff09\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3067\u306a\u3044\u8a00\u8449\uff08unambiguous language\uff09\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\uff13\uff09\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u304c\uff12\u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\uff08commercial common sense\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u65b9\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-030]<\/b><br \/>\nRainy Sky\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308bLord Clarke\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u539f\u5247\u306e\u6307\u91dd\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a9e\u3001\u53e5\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6587\u304c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u306a\u304a\u3001Lord Clarke\u306f\u3001\u300cmore than one possible meaning\uff082\u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u610f\u5473\uff09\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3068\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\uff12\u3064\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\uff08\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a9e\u3001\u53e5\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6587\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u3066\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3002Chartbrook\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u5371\u60e7\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a9e\u3001\u53e5\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6587\u304b\u3089\u96e2\u308c\u3066\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u5e38\u8b58\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u3066\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\uff08\u6ce80\uff09\u66f4\u306b\u30012015\u5e74\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306eArnold v Britton\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u5408\u610f\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u305f\u8a9e\u306b\u91cd\u8996\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-031]<\/b><br \/>\nArnold v Britton\u4e8b\u4ef6<sup>\uff08\u6ce816\uff09<\/sup>\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cArnold\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5225\u8358\u306e\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u6599\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a72\u5f53\u306e\u5225\u8358\u306f\u3001\u5357\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u306b\u3042\u308b\u7d0490\u306e\u30b7\u30e3\u30ec\uff0d\u98a8\u306e\u5225\u8358\u3067\u30011970\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u304c\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u8cc3\u8cb8\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u8cc3\u8cb8\u6761\u4ef6\u306f\u3001\u671f\u9593\u304c99\u5e74\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u8cc3\u501f\u4eba\u304c\u30e1\u30f3\u30c6\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u8cbb\u7528\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u8cbb\u7528\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306b\u306f\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u554f\u984c\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306f\u3001\u8cbb\u7528\u306b\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u8ca0\u62c5\u5272\u5408\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\uff08\u7269\u4fa1\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c9\u5236\u306b\u3088\u308b\uff09\u91d1\u984d\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f53\u521d\u306b\u5951\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8cc3\u8cb8\u501f\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8cc3\u6599\u306f\u3001\u5e74\u984d90\u30dd\u30f3\u30c9\u3067\u30013\u5e74\u3054\u3068\u306b10\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u9045\u308c\u3066\u5951\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8cc3\u8cb8\u501f\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5e74\u984d90\u30dd\u30f3\u30c9\u3067\u30011\u5e74\u3054\u3068\u306b10\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce816\uff09Arnold v Britton [2015] UKSC 36, [2015] AC 1619 [SC],\uff08Pool\u2019s Casebook 2023\uff09p. 241 \u2013 3. \uff08Catterwell 2020\uff09pp. 184 \u2013 7. \uff08CALNAN 2017 (eBook)\uff09[7.24] \u2013 [7.28], [7.140 \u2013 7.143]<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-032]<\/b><br \/>\n\u4e89\u3044\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u5f53\u521d\u5951\u7d04\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5f8c\u306b\u5951\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8cc3\u8cb8\u501f\u3067\u3001\u5408\u8a0821\u306e\u5225\u8358\u304c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u8a72\u5f53\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e12\u4ef6\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a72\u5f53\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\nThe lessee hereby covenants \u2026 to pay to the lessors without any deductions in addition to the said rent as a proportionate part of the expenses and outgoings incurred by the lessors in the repair maintenance renewal and renewal [sic] of the facilities of the estate and the provision of services hereafter set out the yearly sum of \u00a390 and VAT (if any) for the first year of the term hereby granted increasing thereafter by ten pounds per hundred for every subsequent year or part thereof.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\u8cc3\u501f\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u8cc3\u8cb8\u4eba\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3082\u63a7\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u672c\u5951\u7d04\u5f8c\u306b\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u4e0d\u52d5\u7523\u306e\u8a2d\u5099\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30c6\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u30fb\u30ea\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30a2\u30eb\u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3001\u53ca\u3073\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u306e\u63d0\u4f9b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8cc3\u8cb8\u4eba\u304c\u8ca0\u62c5\u3059\u308b\u7d4c\u8cbb\u53ca\u3073\u8cbb\u7528\u306e\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u8ca0\u62c5\u984d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8cc3\u6599\u306e\u307b\u304b\u3001\u521d\u5e74\u5ea6\u306b\u672c\u5951\u7d04\u3067\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u5e74\u984d90\u30dd\u30f3\u30c9\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ed8\u52a0\u4fa1\u5024\u7a0e\uff08\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\uff09\u53ca\u3073\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u5e74\u5ea6\u53ca\u30731\u5e74\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u306a\u3044\u6708\u306b\u4ed8\u304d10\u5206\u306e\uff11\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u91d1\u984d\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u8cc3\u6599\u306e\u5897\u984d\u304c\u8907\u5229\u3067\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u30011980\u5e74\u306b\u5951\u7d04\u3057\u305f\u8cc3\u501f\u4eba\u306e\u652f\u6255\u3046\u8cc3\u6599\u306f\u00a32,500\u3068\u306a\u308a\u30012027\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u00a3550,000\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u6cd5\u5916\u306a\u8cc3\u6599\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-033]<\/b><br \/>\n\u8cc3\u501f\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6761\u9805\u306f\u5f53\u521d\u610f\u56f3\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3001\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u8cc3\u501f\u4eba\u304c\u8ca0\u62c5\u3059\u308b\u7d4c\u8cbb\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8cbb\u7528\u3092\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u91d1\u984d\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\u306e\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-034]<\/b><br \/>\n\u8cc3\u8cb8\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u304a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-035]<\/b><br \/>\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u5be9\u306e\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662<sup>\uff08\u6ce817\uff09<\/sup>\u306f\u3001\u8cc3\u501f\u4eba\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8cc3\u8cb8\u4eba\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u9662\u3082\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8cc3\u501f\u4eba\u306f\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u4e0a\u544a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce817\uff09\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u5be9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\uff08the High Court\uff09\u3068\u770c\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08the County Court\uff09\u3068\u304c\u7af6\u5408\u7ba1\u8f44\u6a29\uff08concurrent jurisdictions\uff09\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3002\u539f\u544a\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001\u539f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3082\u63d0\u8a34\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u304c\u770c\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30a6\u30eb\u30d5\u537f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6539\u9769\u306b\u3088\u308a1998\u5e74\u306b\u65bd\u884c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u898f\u5247\uff08the Civil Procedure Rules\uff09\u3082\u4e21\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u5171\u901a\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u8a34\u984d\u7b49\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5236\u9650\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u306f\u53c2\u7167\uff1a\uff08Macgregor, Peacey and Ridsdale 2022\uff09Lucilla Macgregor, Charlotte Peacey and Georgina Ridsdale, Civil Litigation, Fifteenth Edition, Oxford 2022, p.93-4.\uff08\u6e9c\u7bad 2016\uff092 -3\u9801\u30014-5\u9801<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-036]<\/b><br \/>\n\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u5be9\u304a\u3088\u3073\u63a7\u8a34\u5be9\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3001\u8cc3\u501f\u4eba\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u30924\u5bfe\uff11\u3067\u5374\u4e0b\u3057\u305f\u3002Lord Carnwath\u306f\u3001ICS\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001Chartbrook\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\u306e\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3068\u306e\u610f\u898b\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002\u591a\u6570\u610f\u898b\u306f\u3001\u8a72\u5f53\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\u306e\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a72\u5f53\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3092\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306b\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u3001\u66f4\u306b\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u304c\u7de0\u7d50\u3055\u308c\u305f70\u5e74\u4ee3\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30ec\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u3067\u3042\u308a\u300110\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u306e\u8907\u5229\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7269\u4fa1\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c9\u5236\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8cc3\u6599\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u5408\u7406\u6027\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-037]<\/b><br \/>\nLord Neuberger\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306eArnold\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u3001\uff17\u3064\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306e\u6307\u91dd\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\uff08\uff11\uff09\u304b\u3089\uff08\uff16\uff09\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\uff08\u6ce818\uff09<br \/>\n\uff08\uff11\uff09\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08commercial common sense and surrounding circumstances\uff09\u306f\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3092\u5931\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u63f4\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\u306e\u76ee\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u610f\u5473\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u306a\u5834\u5408\u3092\u9664\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u5408\u610f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\uff12\uff09\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u304c\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8349\u6848\u304c\u597d\u307e\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3082\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u610f\u5473\u304b\u3089\u96e2\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u9006\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u304c\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u305d\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u610f\u5473\u304b\u3089\u96e2\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3092\u63a2\u3059\u306e\u306f\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u89e3\u6c7a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\uff13\uff09\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u304c\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\u3001\u9061\u53ca\u7684\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u7de0\u7d50\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\uff08the reasonable person\uff09\u304c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306f\u305a\u306e\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u4e8b\u9805\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\uff14\uff09\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u8003\u616e\u3059\u3079\u304d\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u5408\u610f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306b\u4e0d\u5229\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7406\u7531\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u614e\u91cd\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u5408\u610f\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u9805\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u5408\u610f\u3057\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3068\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u5229\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3092\u652f\u63f4\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4ed6\u65b9\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3092\u51e6\u7f70\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\uff15\uff09\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53cc\u52d9\u6027\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u7de0\u7d50\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3064\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u77e5\u308a\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3067\u304d\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e8b\u60c5\u306e\u307f\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\uff16\uff09\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u304b\u3089\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u610f\u601d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4f01\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u9805\u304c\u5951\u7d04\u7de0\u7d50\u5f8c\u306b\u751f\u3058\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306e\u5f53\u8a72\u610f\u601d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4f01\u56f3\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u610f\u601d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4f01\u56f3\u3092\u6709\u52b9\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-038]<\/b><br \/>\nArnold\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u305fLord Neuberger\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u539f\u5247\u306e\u6307\u91dd\u306f\u3001ICS\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306eLord Hoffman\u306e\u7b2c\uff14\u539f\u5247\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7b2c\uff15\u539f\u5247\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3001\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002Lord Hoffman\u306e\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u62e1\u5927\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u3067\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u304c\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5371\u967a\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306e\u5371\u60e7\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5371\u60e7\u3092\u6253\u3061\u6d88\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001Lord Neuberger\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u91cd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u305f\u3002Rainy\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306eLord Clarke\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u539f\u5247\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-039]<\/b><br \/>\n\u8cb4\u65cf\u9662\u3068\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e4\u3064\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u304b\u3089\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-040]<\/b><br \/>\n\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6587\u8a00\u306b\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u4e00\u65b9\u3092\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3042\u308b\u65b9\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u300c\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u300d\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u304c\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\uff08\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u8349\u6848\u4e0a\uff09\u306e\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u7de0\u7d50\u6642\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5951\u7d04\u7de0\u7d50\u6642\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u77e5\u308a\u3001\u5229\u7528\u3067\u304d\u305f\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u4e8b\u60c5\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u3066\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\uff08the reasonable person\uff09\u306e\u76ee\u304b\u3089\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0a\uff08\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u8349\u6848\u4e0a\uff09\u306e\u9593\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u610f\u5473\u304b\u3089\u96e2\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u81ea\u6cbb\u306f\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u5951\u7d04\u6cd5\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u5408\u610f\u3057\u81ea\u7531\u306b\u9078\u629e\u3057\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306f\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300c\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\uff08commercial common sense\uff09\u300d\u306f\u614e\u91cd\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u304c\u3001Rainy \u4e8b\u4ef6\u3068Arnold\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306a\u3069\u3067\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4eca\u65e5\u306e\u300c\u53d6\u5f15\u4e0a\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u300d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b.<sup>\uff08\u6ce818\uff09<\/sup>Lord Hoffman \u306eICS\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30fbChartbrook\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306f\u3001Lord Neuberger \u306eArnold\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u5909\u66f4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\uff08TREITEL\/ Peel 2020\uff09\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5f37\u8abf\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u300d\uff08adjustment of emphasis\uff09\u306b\u3059\u304e\u305a\u3001\u50c5\u304b\u306b\u6587\u7406\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3001\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce819\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce818\uff09\uff08McKendrick 2023\uff09pp. 193 \u2013 4<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce819\uff09\uff08TREITEL\/ Peel 2020\uff09p. 253<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-041]<\/b><br \/>\n\uff08CALNAN 2017 (eBook)\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3001\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5224\u4f8b\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u309210\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306b\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7b2c6\u539f\u5247\u3067\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u304c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u539f\u5247\u3092\u63b2\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\nPrinciple 6: If words are ambiguous in their context, they are given the meaning the parties are most likely objectively to have intended.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\u539f\u5247\uff16\uff1a\u8a00\u8449\u304c\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u3068\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3068\u308a\u3042\u3048\u305a2\u3064\u306e\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3067\u304d\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-042]<\/b><br \/>\n\u7b2c1\u306e\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u306f\u3001\u539f\u5247\uff16\u3067\u306f\u3001the parties\uff08\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\uff09\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306bLord Hoffman\u304b\u3089Lord Neuberger\u307e\u3067\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u8cb4\u65cf\u9662\u3068\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u304c\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\uff08the reasonable person\uff09\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3044\u3048\u3070\u30012017\u5e74\u306e\u50b5\u6a29\u6cd5\u6539\u6b63\u3067\u5be9\u8b70\u306b\u306e\u307c\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u898b\u9001\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u305f\u3044\u306e\u306f\u3001\u50b5\u6a29\u6cd5\u6539\u6b63\u306e\u5be9\u8b70\u3067\u4fce\u4e0a\u306b\u306e\u307c\u3063\u305f\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u300c\u4eee\u5b9a\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u610f\u601d\u300d\u306e\u4e3b\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u500b\u5225\u7684\u4eee\u5b9a\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u300d\u3068\u305d\u306e\u8005\u304c\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4eee\u5b9a\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u300d\u3068\u306e\u533a\u5225\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce820\uff09<\/sup>\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3067\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u901a\u5e38\u4eba\uff08the reasonable person\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u3044\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4eee\u5b9a\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u300d\u306b\u985e\u4f3c\u3057\u3001\uff08CALNAN 2017 (eBook)\uff09\u306e\u7b2c6\u539f\u5247\u304c\u53d6\u308b\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\uff08parties\uff09\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u3044\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u500b\u5225\u7684\u4eee\u5b9a\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u300d\u306b\u985e\u4f3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6c11\u6cd5\uff08\u50b5\u6a29\u6cd5\uff09\u6539\u6b63\u691c\u8a0e\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u63d0\u6848\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u300c\u691c\u8a0e\u59d4\u8a66\u6848\u300d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u500b\u5225\u7684\u4eee\u5b9a\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u300d\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b<sup>\uff08\u6ce821\uff09<\/sup>\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6ce8\u76ee\u306b\u5024\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306f\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u672c\u7a3f\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6df1\u5165\u308a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce820\uff09\uff08\u68ee\u7530 2020\uff09\u68ee\u7530\u4fee\u300e\u300c\u50b5\u6a29\u6cd5\u6539\u6b63\u300d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u300f\uff08\u6709\u6590\u95a3 2020\uff0947\u9801\u300168\u9801<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce821\uff09\uff08\u68ee\u7530 2020\uff0969\u9801\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002\u7279\u306b\u300175\u9801\u3002\uff08\u5c71\u672c 2024\uff09\u5c71\u672c\u656c\u4e09\u300e\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u65b9\u6cd5\u2160\u300f\uff08\u5546\u4e8b\u6cd5\u52d9 2024\uff09\uff08\u300c\u7b2c\u2160\u90e8 \u88dc\u5145\u7684\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8 \u7b2c\uff11\u90e8\u7b2c\uff11\u7ae0 \u88dc\u5145\u7684\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u2015\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u3068\u6cd5\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u8003\u5bdf\u300d\uff08\u521d\u51fa 1986\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u88dc\u7ae0 \u6982\u8aac\uff1a\u88dc\u5145\u7684\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u2015\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u3068\u6cd5\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u8003\u5bdf\u300d\uff08\u521d\u51fa 1988\u5e74\uff09\uff091 - 216\u9801<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-043]<\/b><br \/>\n\u7b2c\uff12\u306e\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u306f\u3001Ambiguity\u306e\u8a9e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\uff08CALNAN 2017 (eBook)\uff09\u304c\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u672c\u7a3f\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u3067\u4e88\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300cAmbiguity\u3068Vagueness\u300d\u306e\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\nAmbiguity is itself ambiguous. \u2026In practice, it is suggested that judge normally use the expression in its brooder sense. According to the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, words are ambiguous if they are uncertain or admit of more than one interpretation. That is the approach which will be adopted here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\uff08CALNAN 2017 (eBook)\uff09[6.10]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u81ea\u4f53\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306f\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u5e83\u3044\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30b7\u30e7\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u30fb\u30aa\u30af\u30b9\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30c9\u8f9e\u5178\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u304c\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\u307e\u305f\u306f2\u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-044]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u8cb4\u65cf\u9662\u3068\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u6253\u3061\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306f\u3001\u672c\u7a3f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u53d6\u5f15\u306e\u826f\u8b58\u300d\u306b\u9650\u3089\u305a\u4ed6\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5f8c\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u4e88\u5b9a\u306e\u300c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3068\u53e3\u982d\u8a3c\u62e0\u6392\u9664\u306e\u539f\u5247\uff08Parol Evidence Rule\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3068Contra Proferentem\u300d\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3001\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>\u300c1-045\u300d<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u7279\u7570\u306a\u6cd5\u73fe\u8c61\u3067\u3042\u308b\u6c11\u4e8b\u966a\u5be9\u3068\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e2\u5927\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u79fb\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-046]<\/b><br \/>\n\u82f1\u7c73\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u624b\u7d9a\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u539f\u578b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u767a\u9054\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b63\u5f0f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u5be9\u7406\uff08\u30c8\u30e9\u30a4\u30a2\u30eb\uff09\u306f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3068\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306e\u307f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5be9\u7406\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u624b\u7d9a\u306f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u5ff5\u982d\u306b\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u7d44\u307f\u7acb\u3066\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306e\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u5bfe\u6297\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08adversary system\uff09\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5fb9\u5e95\u3057\u305f\u5bfe\u5be9\u7684\u306a\u6027\u8cea\uff08adversarial character\uff09\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u4e88\u5099\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u306a\u3044\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u53e3\u982d\u3067\uff08\u53e3\u982d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u306b\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u304c\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u9032\u3081\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3082\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u3092\u9577\u304f\u62d8\u675f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u306b\u5be9\u7406\uff08\u96c6\u4e2d\u5be9\u7406\uff09\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce822\uff09<\/sup>\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u306e\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u304c\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce822\uff09\uff08\u7530\u4e2d 1980\uff09\u7530\u4e2d\u82f1\u592b\u300e\u82f1\u7c73\u6cd5\u6982\u8ad6\u4e0a\u4e0b\u300f\uff08\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u4f1a\u30011980\uff09456\u9801\u3001\uff08\u6d45\u9999 2024\uff09\u6d45\u9999\u5409\u5e79\u300e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u6c11\u4e8b\u624b\u7d9a\u6cd5\u300f\uff08\u5f18\u6587\u5802\u3001\u7b2c4\u7248\u30012024\uff094\u9801\u4ee5\u4e0b\u30016 \u2013 7\u9801\u3001\uff08\u4e38\u5c71 2020\uff09\u4e38\u5c71\u82f1\u4e8c\u300e\u5165\u9580\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u6cd5\u300f\uff08\u5f18\u6587\u5802\u3001\u7b2c\uff14\u7248\u3001 2020\uff0970\u9801\u4ee5\u4e0b<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-047]<\/b><br \/>\n\u966a\u5be9\u306f\u300111\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u6301\u3061\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306f\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u795e\u5224\uff08ordeal\uff09\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f\u5834\u6240\u306e\u8fd1\u304f\u306b\u5c45\u305f\u8005\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u308b\u8005\u306e\u306a\u304b\u304b\u3089\u9078\u3070\u308c\u305f\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u77e5\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u7d1b\u4e89\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u3092\u8cea\u3057\u3001\u5be9\u5224\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3084\u304c\u3066\u3053\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306e\u3053\u306e\u7cfe\u554f\u7684\u306a\uff08inquisitorial\uff09 \u6027\u8cea\u306f\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3001\u8a3c\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u88c1\u5b9a\u8005\u304b\u3089\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u516c\u5e73\u306a\u767a\u898b\u8005\u3078\u3068\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306f\u5c02\u3089\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8005\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5909\u9077\u306f\u30012\u3064\u306e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u306a\u78ba\u7acb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u3064\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u304c\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u78ba\u7acb\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\uff12\u3064\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u3092\u9664\u65a5\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u6cd5\u306e\u78ba\u7acb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5909\u9077\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u304b\u3089\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306b\u79fb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u8cac\u4efb\u306f\u5c02\u3089\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u306e\u82f1\u7c73\u306e\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u6cd5\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u5bfe\u6297\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08adversary system\uff09\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce823\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce823\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09Jack H. Friedenthal, Mary Kay Kane, Arthur R. Miller &amp; Adam N. Steinman, CIVIL PROCEDURE, Sixth Edition, WEST ACADEMIC Publishing, 2021, p. 490, pp.492 \u2013 3.<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-048]<\/b><br \/>\n\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u7965\u306e\u5730\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u540d\u8a89\u68c4\u640d\uff08libel slander\uff09\u3001\u60aa\u610f\u8a34\u8ffd\u30fb\u8aa3\u544a\uff08malicious prosecution\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u6cd5\u76e3\u7981\uff08false imprisonment\uff09\u3001\u8a50\u6b3a\uff08fraud\uff09\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u9664\u3044\u3066\u306f\u30011933\u5e74\u306bAdministration of Justice (Miscellaneous provisions) Act\u3067\u5ec3\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b<sup>\uff08\u6ce824\uff09<\/sup>\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u3001\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u672c\u56fd\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3084\u672c\u56fd\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u304c\u6307\u540d\u3057\u305f\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u308b\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u62b5\u6297\u3067\u304d\u308b\u9053\u5177\u3068\u3057\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057<sup>\uff08\u6ce825\uff09<\/sup>\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u3067\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5236\u5ea6\u306f\u6c11\u4e8b\u624b\u7d9a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7530\u4e2d\u82f1\u592b\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u656c\u79f0\u3092\u7701\u7565\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff09\u306f\u304b\u3064\u3066\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u5236\u5ea6\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u304c\u7d71\u6cbb\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u95a2\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30b8\u30e3\u30af\u30bd\u30cb\u30a2\u30f3\u30fb\u30c7\u30e2\u30af\u30e9\u30b7\u30fc\u300d<sup>\uff08\u6ce826\uff09<\/sup>\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u304c\u5b9a\u7740\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u7965\u306e\u5730\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5fe0\u5b9f\u306b\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u61b2\u6cd5\u304b\u3089\u524a\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u5c06\u6765\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff08\u6ce82\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce824\uff09\uff08\u7530\u4e2d 1980\uff09452\u9801\u3001\uff08\u6d45\u9999 2024\uff09111 -2\u9801<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce825\uff09\uff08\u7530\u4e2d 1980\uff09445 \u2013 6\u9801\u3001\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p.491<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce826\uff09\u30b8\u30e3\u30af\u30bd\u30cb\u30a2\u30f3\u30fb\u30c7\u30e2\u30af\u30e9\u30b7\u30fc\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\uff08\u7530\u4e2d 1980\uff09258\u9801\u4ee5\u4e0b<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-049]<\/b><br \/>\n\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6c11\u4e8b\u966a\u5be9\u5236\u5ea6\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u3092\u306f\u3089\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce827\uff09<\/sup>\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u7d20\u4eba\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u56e3\u306e\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6709\u7528\u6027\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u9045\u6ede\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8cbb\u7528\u306e\u975e\u52b9\u7387\u6027\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6c11\u4e8b\u966a\u5be9\u306f\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\uff17\u4fee\u6b63\u3067\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u6a29\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u6a29\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u9055\u3063\u3066\u7b2c14\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u9069\u6b63\u624b\u7d9a\u6761\u9805\uff08due-process clause\uff09\u306e\u9069\u7528\u304c\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5dde\u3092\u62d8\u675f\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3001\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3082\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u624b\u7d9a\u898f\u5247\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u306f\u8a34\u8a1f\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u653e\u68c4\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u30c8\u30e9\u30a4\u30a2\u30eb\u524d\u306e\u30b5\u30de\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30b8\u30e3\u30c3\u30b8\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u3067\u306e\u5be9\u7406\u306e\u5b8c\u7d50\u304c\u4fc3\u9032\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u966a\u5be9\u3092\u653e\u68c4\u3059\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u3092\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u660e\u8a18\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u4ef2\u88c1\u88c1\u5224\u306b\u3088\u308b\u89e3\u6c7a\u304c\u4fc3\u9032\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u30c8\u30e9\u30a4\u30a2\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\u6307\u793a\u8a55\u6c7a\uff08direct verdict\uff09\u3001\u8a55\u6c7a\u7121\u8996\u5224\u6c7a\uff08judgement notwithstanding the verdict\uff09\u3084\u518d\u5be9\u7406\uff08new trial\uff09\u306a\u3069\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306e\u6570\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3069\u966a\u5be9\u5236\u5ea6\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u554f\u984c\u306a\u3069\u3082\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u304c\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u30fb\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u8aac\u793a\uff08jury instruction\uff09\u306e\u96e3\u89e3\u3055\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6cd5\u3068\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8aac\u793a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u7591\u554f\u8996\u3057\u3001\u30d7\u30ec\u30a4\u30f3\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u30ea\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\uff08plain English\uff09\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u63d0\u6848\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce828\uff09<\/sup>\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u3067\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u304c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u554f\u984c\u3092\u62b1\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u30011959\u5e74\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\uff08Beacon Theatres Inc. v. Westover\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a8d\u5b9a\u306e\u6a5f\u95a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u966a\u5be9\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6211\u304c\u56fd\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6cd5\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5360\u3081\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u5236\u9650\u3068\u601d\u3048\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6700\u5927\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b<br \/>\n\uff08Maintenance of the jury as a fact-finding body is of such importance and occupies so firm a place in our history and jurisprudence that any seeming curtailment of the right to a jury trial should be scrutinized with the utmost care\uff09 \u300d<sup>\uff08\u6ce829\uff09<\/sup>\u3068\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce827\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p. 490<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce828\uff09\uff08Tiersma 1999\uff09Peter M. Tiersma, Legal Language, The University of Chicago Press, 1999, pp. 231ff<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce829\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p. 492<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-050]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u30011791\u5e74\u306b\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u3067\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u6a29\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u6c11\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u3067\u966a\u5be9\u306e\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u4eba\u306f\u8ab0\u3067\u3082\u3053\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306f\u3001\u5211\u4e8b\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7b2c6\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308a\u3001\u7b2c14\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u30c7\u30e5\u30fc\u30fb\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\uff08due process of law\uff09\u306e\u4e00\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5dde\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce830\uff09<\/sup>\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u5dde\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u3067\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u306f\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e<sup>\uff08\u6ce831\uff09<\/sup>\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5dde\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u306e\u6642\u671f\u306f\u307e\u3061\u307e\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5dde\u61b2\u6cd5\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3082\u5dde\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304c\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3092\u3088\u308a\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce830\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p.490\u3001\uff08\u6d45\u9999 2024\uff09111\u9801\u3001\uff08\u4e38\u5c71 2020\uff0988 - 89\u9801<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce831\uff09\u30b3\u30ed\u30e9\u30c9\u5dde\u3001\u30eb\u30a4\u30b8\u30a2\u30ca\u5dde\u3001\u30ef\u30a4\u30aa\u30df\u30f3\u30b0\u5dde\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u966a\u5be9\u306e\u4fdd\u969c\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p. 489, note 2.<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-051]<\/b><br \/>\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u5dde\u3092\u62d8\u675f\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u306f\u5c02\u3089\u5dde\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u30011875\u5e74\u3001\u300cWalker v. Sauvinet\u300d<sup>\uff08\u6ce832\uff09<\/sup>\u3067\u3001\u300c\u7b2c\uff17\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6b63\u5f0f\u5be9\u7406\u306b\u306e\u307f\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5dde\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5dde\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6b63\u5f0f\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u59d4\u306d\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Seventh Amendment \u201crelates only to trials in the courts of the United States. The States, so far as this amendment is concerned, are left to regulate trials in their own courts in their way.\u201d\uff09\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce833\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce832\uff09Walker v. Sauvinet, 92 U.S. 90, 92 (1875)<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce833\uff09(Glannon, Perlman &amp; Raven-Hansen 2021) Joseph W. Glannon, Andrew M. Perlman, Peter Raven-Hansen, Civil Procedure A coursebook, Fourth Edition, ASPEN Publishing 2021 (e-book) p.1020.<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-052]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u5dde\u306f\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6642\u3082\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30de\u30b5\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30bb\u30c3\u30c4\u5dde\u3068\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b8\u30a2\u5dde\u3067\u306f\uff11\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u958b\u304d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5dde\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u6cd5\u3092\u7d99\u53d7\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u304c\u7d99\u53d7\u3057\u305f\u6642\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u6cd5\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u7570\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30aa\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u6cd5\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u6cd5\u3001\u30b9\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u6cd5\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30e1\u30ad\u30b7\u30b3\u6cd5\u306e\u75d5\u8de1\u3092\u3068\u3069\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5dde\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6cd5\u6587\u5316\u306f\u5dde\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30021776\u5e74\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u9769\u547d\u5f8c\u3082\u3053\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306f\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5dde\u304c\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u7d99\u53d7\u3057\u305f\u966a\u5be9\u3068\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u300d\u3082\u3001\u5dde\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30de\u30b5\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30bb\u30c3\u30c4\u5dde\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u5236\u5ea6\u3092\u7d99\u53d7\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u5dde\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30b8\u30fc\u5dde\u306f1947\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3092\u5ec3\u6b62\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30c7\u30e9\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u5dde\u306f\u4eca\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304a\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08chancery court\uff09\u3092\u5b58\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce834\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce834\uff09\uff08Friedman 2019\uff09Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, Fourth Edition, Oxford 2019, xvii \u2013 xxviii, esp. xvii -xx, xxvii<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-053]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6771\u90e813\u306e\u30b3\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc<sup>\uff08\u6ce835\uff09<\/sup>\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306f\u4e00\u69d8\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce835\uff09\u6771\u90e813\u306e\u30b3\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\u3068\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u3092\u6700\u521d\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u305f\u6771\u90e813\u5dde\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u3067\u3001\u30de\u30b5\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30bb\u30c3\u30c4\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30cf\u30f3\u30d7\u30b7\u30e3\u30fc\u3001\u30b3\u30cd\u30c1\u30ab\u30c3\u30c8\u3001\u30ed\u30fc\u30c9\u30a2\u30a4\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30b8\u30fc\u3001\u30da\u30f3\u30b7\u30eb\u30d9\u30cb\u30a2\u3001\u30c7\u30e9\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u3001\u30e1\u30ea\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u3001\u30d0\u30fc\u30b8\u30cb\u30a2\u3001\u30ce\u30fc\u30b9\u30ab\u30ed\u30e9\u30a4\u30ca\u3001\u30b5\u30a6\u30b9\u30ab\u30ed\u30e9\u30a4\u30ca\u3001\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b8\u30a2\u306e13\u5dde\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-054]<\/b><br \/>\n\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b8\u30a2\u306f\u30011799\u5e74\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u6cd5\uff08Judiciary Act 1799\uff09\u3067\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u8a34\u7b54\u3092\u4f75\u5408\u3057\u3001\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u65b9\u5f0f\u3092\u5ec3\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5927\u80c6\u306a\u8a66\u307f\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30ce\u30fc\u30b9\u30ab\u30ed\u30e9\u30a4\u30ca\u306f\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3092\u540c\u3058\u5730\u533a\u306b\u3042\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u4e0a\u7d1a\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u5be9\u5224\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u3002\u30eb\u30a4\u30b8\u30a2\u30ca\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5927\u9678\u6cd5\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u3092\u5b88\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3082\u305d\u3082\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u533a\u5225\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3057\u304b\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u5dde\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30de\u30b5\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30bb\u30c3\u30c4\u3068\u30da\u30f3\u30b7\u30eb\u30d9\u30cb\u30a2\u3082\u5f53\u521d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3057\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u6551\u6e08\u306f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3002\u30de\u30b5\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30bb\u30c3\u30c4\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8ce0\u511f\u3092\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u7d1a\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u6551\u6e08\u3092\u5be9\u7406\u3057\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u6709\u3057\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce836\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce836\uff09\uff08Friedman 2019\uff09pp. 115 \u2013 9.<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-055]<\/b><br \/>\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6771\u90e813\u5dde\u306e\u30b3\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\u306e\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u5dde\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u300c\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u6cd5\u5178\u300d\u306e\u63a1\u629e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-056]<\/b><br \/>\n1848\u5e74\u306f\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u6fc0\u3057\u3044\u9769\u547d\u306e\u5e74\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6c11\u4e8b\u624b\u7d9a\u6cd5\u306e\u7a4f\u3084\u304b\u306a\u9769\u547d\u306e\u5e74\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3001\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u308b\u30021848\u5e74\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u5dde\u304c\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5b9f\u52d9\u3001\u8a34\u7b54\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a34\u8a1f\u624b\u7d9a\u3092\u7c21\u5358\u304b\u3064\u7c21\u7d20\u5316\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08an act to simplify and abridge the Practice, Pleadings, and Proceedings of the Courts\uff09 \u3067\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u5dde\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u6cd5\u5178\uff08New York Code of Civil Procedure\uff09\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5178\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6210\u7acb\u306b\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u305f\u300cDavid Dudley Field\u300d\u306e\u540d\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u300c\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u6cd5\u5178\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u6cd5\u5178\u306f\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u70b9\u3067\u9769\u547d\u7684\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u9769\u547d\u7684\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e62\u6761\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce837\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce837\uff09\uff08Friedman 2019\uff09pp. 373 \u2013 4<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-057]<\/b><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\nArticle 62:<br \/>\nThe distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, and the forms of all such actions and suits heretofore existing, are abolished, and, there shall be in this state, hereafter, but one form of action, for the enforcement or protection of private rights and the redress or prevention of private writings, which shall be denominated a civil action.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n62\u6761<br \/>\n\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u306e\u533a\u5225\u304a\u3088\u3073\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u5168\u3066\u306e\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306b\u4fc2\u308b\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u65b9\u5f0f\u306f\u3001\u5ec3\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4eca\u5f8c\u3053\u306e\u5dde\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u6a29\u306e\u5b9f\u73fe\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4fdd\u8b77\u304a\u3088\u3073\u79c1\u7684\u306a\u66f8\u9762\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u6551\u6e08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4fdd\u8b77\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u65b9\u5f0f\u306e\u307f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u65b9\u5f0f\u3092\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u6cd5\u517862\u6761\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u878d\u5408\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u5236\u5ea6\u306e\u9769\u547d\u7684\u306a\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u9023\u90a6\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u898f\u5247\u304c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u878d\u5408\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c1938\u5e74\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u9769\u547d\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-058]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u6cd5\u5178\u306f\u3001\u897f\u90e8\u306e\u5dde\u306b\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30021849\u5e74\u306b\u30df\u30ba\u30fc\u30ea\u30011851\u5e74\u306b\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u3001\u5357\u5317\u6226\u4e89\uff081861 - 1865\u5e74\uff09\u524d\u306b\u30a2\u30a4\u30aa\u30ef\u3001\u30df\u30cd\u30bd\u30bf\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30ca\u3001\u30aa\u30cf\u30a4\u30aa\u3001\u30ef\u30b7\u30f3\u30c8\u30f3\u3001\u30cd\u30d6\u30e9\u30b9\u30ab\u3001\u30a6\u30a3\u30b9\u30b3\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u3001\u30b1\u30f3\u30bf\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u30011861\u5e74\u306b\u30cd\u30d0\u30c0\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e16\u7d00\u304c\u7d42\u308f\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306b\u3001\u30c0\u30b3\u30bf\u3001\u30a2\u30ea\u30be\u30ca\u3001\u30e2\u30f3\u30bf\u30ca\u3001\u30ce\u30fc\u30b9\u30ab\u30ed\u30e9\u30a4\u30ca\u3001\u30ef\u30a4\u30aa\u30df\u30f3\u30b0\u3001\u30b5\u30a6\u30b9\u30ab\u30ed\u30e9\u30a4\u30ca\u3001\u30e6\u30bf\u3001\u30b3\u30ed\u30e9\u30c9\u3001\u30aa\u30af\u30e9\u30db\u30de\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e1\u30ad\u30b7\u30b3\u306e\u8af8\u5dde\u3067\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce838\uff09<\/sup>19\u4e16\u7d00\u304c\u7d42\u308f\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306b\u306f\u3001\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u5dde\u3067\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u878d\u5408\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce838\uff09\uff08Friedman 2019\uff09pp. 376 \u2013 7<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-059]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u306f\u30011791\u5e74\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u7b2c\uff17\u4fee\u6b63\u3067\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u627f\u8a8d\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\nAmendment VII<br \/>\nIn Suits on common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United State, than according to the rules of the common law.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63<br \/>\n\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a34\u984d\u304c20\u30c9\u30eb\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u304c\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5be9\u7406\u3055\u308c\uff3b\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\uff3d\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u6e96\u5247\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u3069\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3082\u3053\u308c\u3092\u518d\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\u7530\u4e2d\u82f1\u592b\u7de8\u300cBasic\u82f1\u7c73\u6cd5\u8f9e\u5178\uff08\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u4f1a\u30011993\uff09\u300d222\u9801\u30fb223\u9801<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-060]<\/b><br \/>\n\u7b2c\uff17\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u5275\u8a2d\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u304c\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u627f\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f1791\u5e74\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u9023\u90a6\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\uff17\u4fee\u6b63\u304c\u627f\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f1791\u5e74\u306f\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd\u307e\u3082\u306a\u3044\u6642\u671f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6642\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f13\u306e\u5dde\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u7d99\u53d7\u306f\u69d8\u3005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306e\u5dde\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3092\u6307\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u56f0\u96e3\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7b2c17\u4fee\u6b63\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5dde\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a1791\u5e74\u306b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u306f\u30011935\u5e74\u3001Baltimore &amp; Caroline Line v. Redman\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u3001\u300c\u3053\u3053\u3067\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u305f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u304c\u63a1\u629e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6642\u306b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08The right of trial by jury thus preserved is the right which existed under the English common law when the amendment was adopted\uff09<sup>\uff08\u6ce839\uff09<\/sup>\u3068\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u300c\u6b74\u53f2\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\uff08historical test\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3082\u3001\u7b2c\uff17\u4fee\u6b63\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c3\u7bc7\u304c\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u4ed8\u3055\u306a\u3044\u5be9\u5224\uff08nonjury trial\uff09\u3092\u7981\u305a\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3001\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6b74\u53f2\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u964d\u306b\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u5236\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3067\u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3057\u304b\u30821791\u5e74\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u305b\u305a\u306b\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u304c\u4ed8\u4e0e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u304c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce840\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce839\uff09Baltimore &amp; Caroline Line v. Redman, 295 U.S. 654, 657 (1935). (Glannon, Perlman &amp; Raven-Hansen 2021) p.1920<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce840\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09pp. 497 \u2013 9. (Glannon, Perlman &amp; Raven-Hansen 2021) p. 1020<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-061]<\/b><br \/>\n\u300c\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\uff08historical test\uff09\u300d\u306f\u30011791\u5e74\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u3001\u4fc2\u4e89\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u304c\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u89e3\u6c7a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u89e3\u6c7a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u304c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3089\u305a\u306b\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5be9\u5224\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u533a\u5225\u306f\u30011971\u5e74\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u533a\u5225\u304c\u305d\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u30021791\u5e74\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-062]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e1791\u5e74\u306f\u3001\u30cf\u30ce\u30fc\u30f4\u30a1\u671d\uff081714 - 1901\u5e74\uff09\u306e\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b83\u4e16\uff08\u6cbb\u4e161760 -1820\uff09\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u305d\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306f\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u5225\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u5be9\u7406\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u306f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u306f\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3089\u306a\u3044\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306e\u307f\u3067\u5be9\u7406\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-063]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306f\u5f53\u521d\u304b\u3089\u966a\u5be9\uff08jury\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u304a\u3053\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30011066\u5e74\u306e\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308bNorman conquest\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u30ce\u30eb\u30de\u30f3\u671d\uff081066 - 1154\u5e74\uff09\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30bf\u30b8\u30a7\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u671d\uff081154 \u2013 1484\u5e74\uff09\u304c\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u5168\u571f\u3092\u7d71\u4e00\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5404\u5730\u306b\u3059\u3067\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30a2\u30f3\u30b0\u30ed\u30fb\u30b5\u30af\u30bd\u30f3\u671f\uff08Anglo-Saxon period\uff09\u306e\u500b\u3005\u5225\u3005\u306e\u6163\u7fd2\u30fb\u6163\u884c\u3092\u5909\u9769\u3057\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6a29\u3092\u307b\u307c\u6210\u3057\u9042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30a2\u30f3\u30b0\u30ed\u30fb\u30b5\u30af\u30bd\u30f3\u671f\u672b\u671f\u306e\u884c\u653f\u7d44\u7e54\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3063\u305f\u5de1\u5bdf\uff08eyre\uff09\u3001\u5404\u5730\u3092\u5de1\u56de\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3063\u305f\u88c1\u5224\uff08assize\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u30021215\u5e74\u306e\u30de\u30b0\u30ca\u30ab\u30eb\u30bf\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u88c1\u5224\u306f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u767a\u751f\u5730\u3067\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u5de1\u56de\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\uff08itinerant justice\/ justice of assize\/ assize judge\uff09\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u308b\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8a9e\u3089\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u305d\u306e\u306f\u3058\u3081\u304b\u3089\u966a\u5be9\u3068\u6df1\u304f\u95a2\u308f\u308a\u5408\u3044\u3092\u3082\u3061\u306a\u304c\u3089\u5275\u9020\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce841\uff09<\/sup><sup>\uff08\u6ce842\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce841\uff09\uff08Baker 2019\uff09SIR JOHN BAKER, An Introduction to English Legal History Fifth Edition, Oxford 2019, pp. 19 \u2013 20<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce842\uff09\uff08JOWITT\u2019S DICTIONARY  2010\uff09JOWITT\u2019S DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH LAW, THIRD EDITION, SWEET MAXWELL 2010, [Assise or Assize (pp. 175 \u2013 6)], [Eyre; Eire (pp. 893 \u2013 4)], [Nisi Prius (p. 1542)],\uff08\u82f1\u7c73\u6cd5\u8f9e\u5178 1991\uff09\u7530\u4e2d\u82f1\u592b\u7de8\u300e\u82f1\u7c73\u6cd5\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\uff08\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u4f1a 1991\uff09\u3010assize\uff08\u30a2\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u4f1a\u8b70\uff0f\uff08\u30a2\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\uff09\u6cd5\uff0f\u30a2\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u5be9\u7406\uff0f\u30a2\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u88c1\u5224\u30fb\u6b63\u5f0f\u5de1\u56de\u88c1\u5224\uff0970 \u2013 1 \u9801\u3011\u3010eyre\uff08\u5de1\u5bdf\uff09327\u9801\u3011\u3010nisi prius\uff08\u30ca\u30a4\u30b5\u30a4\u30fb\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\uff09586\u9801\u3011<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-064]<\/b><br \/>\n1971\u5e74\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u4e0a\u4f4d\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30a6\u30a8\u30b9\u30c8\u30df\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u30fb\u30db\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u6271\u3046\u3001\u8ca1\u52d9\u5e9c\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08Court of Exchequer\uff09\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u9593\u8a34\u8a1f\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08Court of Common Plea\uff09\u3001\u738b\u5ea7\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08Court of King\u2019s ( Queen\u2019s) Bench\uff09\u306e\uff13\u3064\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3082\u3001\u5404\u5730\u533a\u3067\u5de1\u56de\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u8a55\u6c7a\u3067\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u5de1\u56de\u966a\u5be9\u88c1\u5224\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u5f97\u305f\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u306b\u3057\u3066\u30011882\u5e74\u306bStrand\u306b\u79fb\u8ee2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306e\u9593\u3001\u30a6\u30a8\u30b9\u30c8\u30df\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u306e\u5927\u5e83\u9593\u306e\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u884c\u304d\u4ea4\u3044\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u79c1\u8a9e\u304c\u98db\u3073\u4ea4\u3046\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u3067\u306f\u60f3\u50cf\u3082\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306a\u55a7\u9a12\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u966a\u5be9\u306e1791\u5e74\u305d\u306e\u6642\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c17\u4fee\u6b63\u304c\u627f\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30011791\u5e74\u6642\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u304a\u3053\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce843\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce843\uff09\uff08Baker 2019\uff09p. 44<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-065]<\/b><br \/>\n1791\u5e74\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u3001\u30a6\u30a8\u30b9\u30c8\u30df\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u30fb\u30db\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u3082\u30461\u3064\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u738b\u5ea7\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u96a3\u63a5\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08Court of Chancery\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3092\u5be9\u7406\u3059\u308b\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\uff08Chancery\uff09\u304b\u3089\u751f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u521d\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5275\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306f\u53e4\u3044\u3002\u30ce\u30eb\u30de\u30f3\u671d\uff081066 -1154\u5e74\u6cbb\u4e16\uff09\u306e\u56fd\u738b\u66f8\u8a18\u5c40\uff08royal secretariat\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u56fd\u738b\u306e\u6a5f\u95a2\u306e1\u90e8\u5c40\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u56fd\u738b\u304c\u6388\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u8ca1\u7523\u3001\u7279\u6a29\u3001\u540d\u8a89\u3001\u5b98\u8077\u306a\u3069\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u3001\u56fd\u74bd\u3092\u62bc\u5370\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u305d\u306e\u4efb\u52d9\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u8a34\u8a1f\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u56fd\u74bd\u304c\u62bc\u5370\u3055\u308c\u305f\u958b\u59cb\u4ee4\u72b6\uff08original writ\uff09\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u767a\u7d66\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3082\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u306e\u8077\u52d9\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u56fd\u74bd\uff08great seal\uff09\u306f\u56fd\u738b\u306e\u6a29\u5a01\u3092\u8868\u3057\u3001\u8a34\u8a1f\u958b\u59cb\u4ee4\u72b6\u306b\u62bc\u3055\u308c\u305f\u56fd\u74bd\u304c\u56fd\u738b\u306b\u4ee3\u7406\u3059\u308b\u5de1\u56de\u966a\u5be9\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306a\u3069\u304c\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3046\u88c1\u5224\u306e\u6a29\u5a01\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u306e\u9577\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u56fd\u74bd\u306e\u4fdd\u7ba1\u8005\uff08a lord keeper of the great seal\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08Chancellor\uff09\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u738b\u8a55\u8b70\u4f1a\uff08King\u2019s Council\uff09\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u54e1\uff08councillors\uff09\u306e\uff11\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9ad8\u3044\u5730\u4f4d\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3001\u7d76\u5927\u306a\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u3082\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce844\uff09<\/sup><sup>\uff08\u6ce845\uff09<\/sup><sup>\uff08\u6ce846\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce844\uff09\uff08Baker 2019\uff09p. 107 \u2013 8<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce845\uff09\uff08JOWITT\u2019S DICTIONARY  2010\uff09[Chancellor, Lord (pp. 364 \u2013 5)]<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce846\uff09\uff08\u82f1\u7c73\u6cd5\u8f9e\u5178 1991\uff09\u3010Chancellor, Lord \uff08\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff09126\u9801\u3011<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-066]<\/b><br \/>\n\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u304c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u88c1\u5224\u306b\u95a2\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u840c\u82bd\u306f\u3001\u30ce\u30eb\u30de\u30f3\u671d\u306e\u5f53\u521d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u90e8\u9580\u300d\u3068\u300c\u82f1\u8a9e\u90e8\u9580\u300d\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u308b\u90e8\u9580\u306b\u307f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u300c\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u90e8\u9580\u300d\u306e\u547c\u3073\u540d\u306f\u305d\u3053\u3067\u53d6\u308a\u6271\u308f\u308c\u308b\u6587\u66f8\u304c\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u3067\u8a18\u9332\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u90e8\u9580\u300d\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u3078\u306e\u95a2\u4e0e\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u738b\u306e\u8ca1\u7523\u3092\u8a18\u9332\u3059\u308b\u8077\u52d9\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u4e89\u3044\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u76f4\u5c5e\u53d7\u5c01\u8005\uff08tenant in chief\uff09\u306e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u308a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u304c\u767a\u7d66\u3057\u305f\u76f8\u7d9a\u7d99\u627f\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5be9\u554f\u958b\u59cb\u306e\u4ee4\u72b6\u306b\u3088\u308b\u305d\u306e\u5be9\u554f\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u3001\u5426\u8a8d\uff08traverse\uff09\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5426\u8a8d\u306f\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5426\u8a8d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u738b\u5ea7\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u5354\u529b\u3057\u3066\u516c\u958b\u306e\u5834\u3067\u5be9\u8b70\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3067\u306a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce847\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce847\uff09\uff08Baker 2019\uff09pp. 108 \u2013 9<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-067]<\/b><br \/>\n\u300c\u82f1\u8a9e\u90e8\u9580\u300d\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u738b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u8acb\u9858\u3092\u5be9\u67fb\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u30021066\u5e74\u306eNorman Conquest \u5f8c1\u4e16\u7d00\u534a\u3070\u304c\u904e\u304e\u305f13\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u5f8c\u534a\u3001\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30bf\u30b8\u30a7\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u671d\uff081153 - 1399\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u671f\u306b\u306f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8acb\u9858\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8a34\u72b6\uff09\u304c\u56fd\u738b\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u5c4a\u304f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u5de1\u56de\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u56de\u4ed8\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3046\u3061\u516c\u7684\u306a\u554f\u984c\u306f\u56fd\u738b\u304b\u3089\u56fd\u738b\u8a55\u8b70\u4f1a\u30fb\u8b70\u4f1a\u3067\u5be9\u8b70\u3055\u308c\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u79c1\u7684\u306a\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u56fd\u738b\u304b\u3089\u56fd\u738b\u8a55\u8b70\u4f1a\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u54e1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306b\u59d4\u4efb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u79c1\u7684\u306a\u8acb\u9858\u30fb\u8a34\u72b6\u306f\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u63d0\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u53d7\u7406\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u306e\u300c\u82f1\u8a9e\u90e8\u9580\u300d\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30ea\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30c9\uff12\u4e16\u306e\u6cbb\u4e16\uff081372 \u2013 1391 \u5e74\uff09\u3067\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304c\u6163\u884c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u88c1\u5224\u7ba1\u8f44\u6a29\u306e\u8a95\u751f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u82f1\u8a9e\u90e8\u9580\u300d\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306b\u3088\u3089\u305a\u306b\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u306e\u4f5c\u6210\u3001\u8a18\u9332\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u3092\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u88c1\u5224\u7ba1\u8f44\u6a29\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce848\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce848\uff09\uff08Baker 2019\uff09p. 106<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-068]<\/b><br \/>\n\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u304c\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3046\u88c1\u5224\u306f\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b981\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3070\u7b2c1\u5be9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7d42\u5be9\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u304c\u305d\u3053\u3067\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3046\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3067\u306f\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u958b\u59cb\u4ee4\u72b6\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u958b\u59cb\u4ee4\u72b6\u306f\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u3067\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ee4\u72b6\u306e\u767a\u7d66\u306b\u306f\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u8a34\u8a1f\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08forms of action\uff09\u3068\u305d\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u65b9\u5f0f\u306f\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u304c\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u5b9a\u578b\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u307f\u304c\u6551\u6e08\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u8a72\u5f53\u3057\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u306f\u958b\u59cb\u4ee4\u72b6\u306f\u767a\u7d66\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u6551\u6e08\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\uff08\u6ce80\uff09\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u308b\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u8acb\u9858\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8a34\u72b6\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3001\u958b\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u4e89\u3044\u30921\u3064\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3067\u63d0\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3082\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u6e96\u5247\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3082\u305d\u306e\u6642\u3005\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u6b21\u7b2c\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5dde\u9577\u5b98\uff08sheriff\uff09\u304c\u88c1\u5224\u306b\u4e0d\u5f53\u306b\u4ecb\u5165\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u4e0d\u5f53\u306b\u6b6a\u66f2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u308b\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u63a1\u7528\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3001\u5dde\u9577\u5b98\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u5927\u6cd5\u5b981\u4eba\u3067\u62c5\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u3067\u3042\u308a\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u8acb\u9858\u4eba\u3084\u8a34\u8a1f\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u805e\u304d\u53d6\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u90e8\u9580\u306e\u66f8\u8a18\u306b\u8abf\u67fb\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u54e1\u306f\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u50b5\u52d9\u8005\u304c\u3001\u637a\u5370\u91d1\u92ad\u50b5\u52d9\u8a3c\u66f8\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u91d1\u92ad\u3092\u501f\u308a\u3001\u5b8c\u6e08\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u8fc2\u95ca\u306b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u637a\u5370\u91d1\u92ad\u8a3c\u66f8\u3092\u5ec3\u68c4\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u50b5\u6a29\u8005\u304b\u30892\u91cd\u306e\u652f\u6255\u3044\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306f\u3001\u50b5\u52d9\u8005\u306e\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6b8b\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u637a\u5370\u91d1\u92ad\u8a3c\u66f8\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u652f\u6255\u3092\u547d\u3058\u305f\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u805e\u304d\u53d6\u308a\u3001\u3059\u3067\u306b\u652f\u6255\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306f\u8a3c\u62e0\u6cd5\u5247\u3092\u512a\u5148\u3057\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u5b89\u5b9a\u6027\u3092\u512a\u5148\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306f\u500b\u3005\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3054\u3068\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u512a\u5148\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u826f\u5fc3\uff08conscience\uff09\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306b\u5f93\u308f\u306a\u3044\u8005\u306f\u3001\u6cd5\u5ef7\u4fae\u8fb1\uff08contempt of court\uff09\u306e\u7f6a\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5c65\u884c\u3092\u306a\u3059\u307e\u3067\u3001\u6295\u7344\u3055\u308c\u3001\u8ca1\u7523\u3092\u5dee\u3057\u62bc\u3055\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u521d\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u305f\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3054\u3068\u306b\u3001\u500b\u5225\u7684\u306b\u3001\u5bfe\u4eba\u7684\u306b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3084\u304c\u3066\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e9c\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08the Court of Chancery\uff09\u306f\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u671d\uff081461 - 1485\u5e74\uff09\u306e\u30a8\u30c9\u30ef\u30fc\u30c94\u4e16\uff081471 - 1483\u5e74\uff09\u306e\u6cbb\u4e16\u306b\u6b63\u5f0f\u306b\u5275\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30c0\u671d\uff081485 \u2013 1603\u5e74\uff09\u306e\u6cbb\u4e16\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u304c\u30a6\u30a8\u30b9\u30c8\u30df\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u306e\u5927\u5e83\u9593\u3067\u884c\u3046\u88c1\u5224\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308b\u8ca1\u52d9\u5e9c\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u9593\u8a34\u8a1f\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3001\u738b\u5ea7\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u62bc\u3057\u5bc4\u305b\u308b\u4eba\u6c17\u3092\u96c6\u3081\u308b\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u6cd5\u539f\u5247\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b9\u3001\u4fe1\u8a17\u3001\u8b72\u6e21\u62b5\u5f53\u304c\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306e\u8db3\u306e\u9577\u3055\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5909\u308f\u308b\u3068\u63f6\u63c4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306e\u826f\u5fc3\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff11\u3064\u306e\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce849\uff09<\/sup><sup>\uff08\u6ce850\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce849\uff09\uff08Baker 2019\uff09pp. 60 \u2013 77, pp. 110 \u2013 19<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce850\uff09\uff08JOWITT\u2019S DICTIONARY \uff09 [Equity (pp. 823 \u2013 826)], [ Chancellor, Lord (pp. 364 \u2013 365)], [Court of Chancery (p.581)], [Action on the case (p. 45)]<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-069]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u306e\u5275\u9020\u306f\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5e73\u5766\u306a\u9053\u306e\u308a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30de\u30b0\u30ca\u30ab\u30eb\u30bf\uff08Magna Carta\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u56fd\u6c11\u306e\u751f\u547d\u30fb\u8eab\u4f53\u30fb\u8ca1\u7523\u306f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u9069\u6b63\u624b\u7d9a\uff08due process of law\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306e\u307f\u5b88\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u6cd5\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306e\u5275\u9020\u306f\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u6cd5\u66f9\u306e\u5171\u901a\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u56fd\u6c11\u306e\u751f\u5f97\u6a29\uff08birthright\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u56fd\u738b\u305f\u308a\u3068\u3082\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u7ba1\u8f44\u3092\u5275\u8a2d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce851\uff09<\/sup>\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u6cd5\u66f9\u306e\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306a\u610f\u8b58\u304c\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u308b\u88c1\u5224\u7ba1\u8f44\u6a29\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u3082\u638c\u63e1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306e\u500b\u6027\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6642\u3068\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u6063\u610f\u6027\u304c\u9855\u5728\u5316\u3057\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u5b58\u7d9a\u306e\u5371\u6a5f\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u767a\u5c55\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce851\uff09\uff08Baker 2019\uff09p. 105<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-070]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30c0\u671d\uff081485 \u2013 1603\uff09\u306eHenry VIII\uff08\u30d8\u30f3\u30ea\u30fc8\u4e16\uff1a1509 \u2013 47\u5e74\uff09\u6cbb\u4e16\u306e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30a6\u30eb\u30b8\u30fc\u537f\uff08Cardinal Wolsey: 1515 \u2013 29\uff09\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u6cd5\u66f9\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5e38\u8ecc\u3092\u9038\u3057\u305f\u653b\u6483\u3068\u6063\u610f\u7684\u306a\u5224\u6c7a\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u6cd5\u66f9\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5927\u53cd\u6483\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5f8c\u7d99\u306e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u30c8\u30de\u30b9\u30fb\u30e2\u30a2\uff08Sir Thomas More: 1529 \u2013 33\uff09\u306f\u30ea\u30f3\u30ab\u30fc\u30f3\u30ba\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\uff08Lincoln\u2019s Inn\uff09\u51fa\u8eab\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u6cd5\u66f9\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306e\u57f7\u884c\u3092\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u6027\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3001\u5dee\u3057\u6b62\u3081\u308b\u300ccommon injunction\uff08\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5dee\u6b62\u547d\u4ee4\uff09\u300d\u3092\u591a\u767a\u3057\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u8457\u3057\u304f\u60aa\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce852\uff09<\/sup><sup>\uff08\u6ce853\uff09<\/sup><sup>\uff08\u6ce854\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce852\uff09\uff08Baker 2019\uff09pp. 105 \u2013 6<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce853\uff09\uff08JOWITT\u2019S DICTIONARY  2010\uff09[Common injunction (p. 466)]<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce854\uff09\uff08\u82f1\u7c73\u6cd5\u8f9e\u5178 1991\uff09\u3010Common injunction \uff08\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5dee\u6b62\u547d\u4ee4\uff09165\u9801\u3011<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-071]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u306e1616\u5e74\u306e\u885d\u7a81\u306f\u30012\u4eba\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u306e\u500b\u6027\u306e\u885d\u7a81\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u30a8\u30eb\u30ba\u30df\u30a2\u537f\uff08Lord Ellesmere: 1598 \u2013 1617\uff09\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u5224\u6c7a\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u304c\u305d\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3092\u5be9\u8b70\u3059\u308b\uff08entertain\uff09\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u672a\u6c7a\u306e\u307e\u307e\u653e\u7f6e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u6cd5\u66f9\u3092\u4ee3\u8868\u3057\u3066\u7acb\u3061\u4e0a\u304c\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304c\u738b\u5ea7\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u9577\u306e\u8077\u4f4d\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30a8\u30c9\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30af\u30c3\u30af\uff08Sir Edward Coke\uff09\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30eb\u30ba\u30df\u30a2\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u81ea\u8eab\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5982\u4f55\u306a\u308b\u6279\u5224\u3082\u795e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u541b\u4e3b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u653b\u6483\u3060\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u30af\u30c3\u30af\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30eb\u30ba\u30df\u30a2\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u30011598\u5e74\u306e\u8ca1\u52d9\u5e9c\u4f1a\u8b70\u5ba4\u3067\u306e\u5168\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3001\u30a8\u30eb\u30ba\u30df\u30a2\u304c\u5dee\u6b62\u547d\u4ee4\u4fae\u8fb1\u7f6a\u3067\u53ce\u76e3\u3057\u305f\u8005\u305f\u3061\u3092\u8eab\u67c4\u91c8\u653e\u547d\u4ee4\u3067\u91c8\u653e\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8005\u306b\u56fd\u738b\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u5224\u6c7a\u9055\u53cd\u3067\u8a34\u8ffd\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u4fc3\u3059\u30021616\u5e74\u30012\u4eba\u306e\u95d8\u4e89\u306f\u30b9\u30c1\u30e5\u30a2\u30fc\u30c8\u671d\uff081603 \u2013 1714\uff09\u306e \u30b8\u30a7\u30fc\u30e0\u30b91\u4e16\uff081603 - 1625\u5e74\u6cbb\u4e16\uff09\u306b\u4ed8\u8a17\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30eb\u30ba\u30df\u30a2\u306f\u5f8c\u7d99\u8005\u3068\u306a\u308b\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30b9\u30fb\u30d9\u30fc\u30b3\u30f3\uff08Francis Bacon\uff09\u3068\u7d44\u3093\u3067\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3092\u5be9\u8b70\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u52c5\u4ee4\u3092\u30b8\u30a7\u30fc\u30e0\u30b91\u4e16\u306b\u767a\u5e03\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u767a\u5c55\u3057\u305f2\u4eba\u306e\u95d8\u4e89\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30af\u30c3\u30af\u306e\u5931\u811a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5e55\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u7ba1\u8f44\u6a29\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u95d8\u4e89\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30eb\u30ba\u30df\u30a2\u306e\u5f8c\u7d99\u306e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u30d9\u30fc\u30b3\u30f3\u306e\u5c3d\u529b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\uff12\u5927\u6cd5\u7cfb\u306e\u9593\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u56de\u5fa9\u3057\u3001\u30b8\u30a7\u30fc\u30e0\u30b91\u4e16\u306e1616\u5e74\u306e\u52c5\u4ee4\u306f\u9055\u6cd5\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u5951\u6a5f\u306b2\u5927\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u6551\u6e08\u306f\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u6551\u6e08\u306f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\uff08the law\/equity dichotomy\uff09\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce855\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce855\uff09\uff08Baker 2019\uff09pp. 117 \u2013 8<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-072]<\/b><br \/>\n1616\u5e74\u306e\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u885d\u7a81\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u3053\u306e\uff12\u5927\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u878d\u548c\u306e\u9053\u3092\u9032\u3080\u3002\u30b9\u30c1\u30e5\u30a2\u30fc\u30c8\u671d\uff081603 \u2013 1714\uff09\u306e\u5f8c\u534a\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff09\u3068\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u76f8\u9055\u306f\u6b21\u7b2c\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3042\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5148\u4f8b\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3082\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u6027\u306f\u7de9\u548c\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce856\uff09<\/sup>\u3053\u308c\u304c\u30011791\u5e74\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce856\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p. 501<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-073]<\/b><br \/>\n1791\u5e74\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u966a\u5be9\u88c1\u5224\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u9023\u90a6\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u30011791\u5e74\u306e\u9023\u90a6\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u5f8c\u30011938\u5e74\u306b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u7d71\u5408\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u878d\u5408\u3078\u3068\u63a8\u79fb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-074]<\/b><br \/>\n1938\u5e749\u670816\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u52b9\u3057\u305f\u300cRULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE FOR THE UNITED STATES DISCTICT COURT\uff08\u9023\u90a6\u5730\u65b9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u898f\u5247\uff09\u300d\uff08\u300c\u9023\u90a6\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u898f\u5247\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff09\u306f\u3001Rule \uff12\u3067\u8a34\u8a1f\u65b9\u5f0f\u306f1\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5b9a\u3081\u305f\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3082\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3082\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u3044\u30461\u3064\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u65b9\u5f0f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u878d\u5408\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7c21\u6f54\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-075]<\/b><br \/>\n\u9023\u90a6\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u6cd5\u898f\u5247\u306eRule 2\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\nRule 2 One Form of Action<br \/>\nThere is one form of action \u2013 the civil action.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\u898f\u5247\uff12\u3000\uff11\u3064\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u65b9\u5f0f<br \/>\n1\u3064\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u65b9\u5f0f\u3068\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-076]<\/b><br \/>\n1938\u5e74\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u878d\u5408\u524d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\u306e\u9069\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001A\u304cB\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5efa\u7269\u306e\u5efa\u7bc9\u3092\u4f9d\u983c\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u9593\u3067\u5951\u7d04\u304c\u7de0\u7d50\u3055\u308c\u3001B\u304c\u5efa\u7269\u306e\u5efa\u7bc9\u306b\u7740\u624b\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u6848\u3067\u3001\u5efa\u7269\u306e\u5efa\u7bc9\u4e2d\u306bB\u306b\u5951\u7d04\u9055\u53cd\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001A\u304cB\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306e\u307f\u3092\u8acb\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001A\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001A\u306f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-077]<\/b><br \/>\nA\u304cB\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5efa\u7269\u306e\u5b8c\u6210\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u7279\u5b9a\u5c65\u884c\u306e\u307f\u3092\u8acb\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001A\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001A\u306f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-078]<\/b><br \/>\nA\u304cB\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u3068\u7279\u5b9a\u5c65\u884c\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8acb\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u5c65\u884c\u306f\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u5225\u3005\u306b\u63d0\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u4e21\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u308bB\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u9055\u53cd\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306b\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u304c\u5c0a\u91cd\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u5951\u7d04\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u6700\u521d\u306b\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306f\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3092\u62d8\u675f\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u5951\u7d04\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u6700\u521d\u306b\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3092\u62d8\u675f\u3057\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce857\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce857\uff09(Glannon, Perlman &amp; Raven-Hansen 2021) pp. 1024 \u2013 5<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-079]<\/b><br \/>\n\u9023\u90a6\u88c1\u5224\u898f\u5247\u306eRule 2\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3082\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3082\u3059\u3079\u30661\u3064\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3082\u540c\u30581\u3064\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5be9\u7406\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u306e\u307f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u7279\u5b9a\u5c65\u884c\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u306e\u307f\u3001\u304c\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u4e89\u3044\u306f\u751f\u3058\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3067\u3042\u308b\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u306e\u5be9\u5224\u306f\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u4ed8\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7279\u5b9a\u5c65\u884c\u306f\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u4ed8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306f\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5be9\u7406\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306e\u307f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5be9\u7406\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u304c\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3082\u30011938\u5e74\u306e\u4e21\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u7406\uff08clean-up doctrine\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-080]<\/b><br \/>\n\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u7406\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u7d71\u5408\u3055\u308c\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u6163\u884c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3068\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u304c\u3068\u3082\u306b\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u3001\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u6027\u8cea\uff08the basic nature of the case\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u304c\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u306b\u4ed8\u968f\u3059\u308b\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u306b\u4ed8\u968f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u3082\u966a\u5be9\u306a\u3057\u306b\u5be9\u7406\u3059\u308b\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u3053\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u304c\u4e21\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u5f8c\u3082\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306b\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u304c\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\uff17\u4fee\u6b63\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce858\uff09<\/sup>1938\u5e74\u306e\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u898f\u5247\u306e\u5236\u5b9a\u5f8c\u306e\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u7406\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u304c\u6ce8\u76ee\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce858\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p. 502, p. 506<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-081]<\/b><br \/>\n\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u30011959\u5e74\u306e\u300cBeacon\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\uff13\u5e74\u5f8c\u306e1962\u5e74\u306e\u300cDairy Queen\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d\u3067\u3001\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u7406\u300d\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce859\uff09<\/sup>\u3053\u306e\uff12\u3064\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306f\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c7\u4fee\u6b63\u304c\u4fdd\u969c\u3059\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5224\u6c7a\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce859\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p. 507<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-082]<\/b><br \/>\n\u300cBeacon\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d<sup>\uff08\u6ce860\uff09<\/sup>\u306f\u3001\u539f\u544a\u3067\u3042\u308bFox West Coast Theatres, Inc.\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3001\u300cFox\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\uff09\u304c\u3001\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u306e\u30b5\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30ce\u5730\u533a\u3067\u3001\u6620\u753b\u9928\u3092\u904b\u55b6\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u6620\u753b\u914d\u7d66\u696d\u8005\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u3067\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30a2\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u300d\u6761\u9805\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u5c01\u5207\u308a\u6620\u753b\u3092\u516c\u958b\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30a2\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u300d\u6761\u9805\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8005\u3082\u3001\u30b5\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30ce\u5730\u533a\u3067\u3001\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u671f\u9593\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6620\u753b\u3092\u4e0a\u6620\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u88ab\u544a\u3067\u3042\u308bBeacon Theatres, Inc.\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3001\u300cBeacon\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\uff09\u306f\u3001\u30b5\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30ce\u5730\u533a\u304b\u308911\u30de\u30a4\u30eb\u96e2\u308c\u305f\u5834\u6240\u3067\u30c9\u30e9\u30a4\u30d6\u30a4\u30f3\u6620\u753b\u9928\u3092\u904b\u55b6\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30a2\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u300d\u6761\u9805\u306f\u53cd\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u6cd5\u306b\u9055\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3001\u3068Fox\u306b\u901a\u77e5\u3057\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce861\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce860\uff09Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 339 U.S. 500, 79 S. Ct. 948, 3L.Ed.2d 988 (1959)<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce861\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09pp. 505ff<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-083]<\/b><br \/>\nFox\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u6620\u4e2d\u306e\u6620\u753b\u304cBeacon\u306e\u53cd\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u6cd5\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u8a34\u3048\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u59a8\u5bb3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6050\u308c\u3001\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u9023\u90a6\u5730\u65b9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3001\uff08\uff11\uff09\u5f53\u8a72\u5951\u7d04\u306f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u53cd\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u6cd5\u306b\u9055\u53cd\u3057\u306a\u3044\u65e8\u306e\u5ba3\u8a00\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3001\uff08\uff12\uff09\u53cd\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u6cd5\u9055\u53cd\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306bBeacon\u304c\u63d0\u8a34\u3059\u308b\u304a\u305d\u308c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u308b\u4e0a\u6620\u4e2d\u306e\u6620\u753b\u3078\u306e\u59a8\u5bb3\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u66ab\u5b9a\u7684\u5dee\u6b62\u547d\u4ee4\uff08preliminary injunction\uff09\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u63d0\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-084]<\/b><br \/>\n\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001Beacon\u306f\u3001Fox\u3078\u306e\u7b54\u5f01\u66f8\u304a\u3088\u3073\u53cd\u8a34\u3067\u3001\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u914d\u7d66\u696d\u8005\u3078\u306e\u4ea4\u5dee\u8acb\u6c42\u3067\u3001\uff08\uff11\uff09\u5f53\u8a72\u30af\u30ea\u30a2\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u6761\u9805\u306f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001Fox\u3068\u914d\u7d66\u696d\u8005\u304c\u5171\u8b00\u3057\u3066\u53cd\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u6cd5\u306b\u9055\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u5c01\u5207\u308a\u6620\u753b\u306e\u53d6\u5f15\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3057\u304b\u3064\u72ec\u5360\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5f53\u8a72\u30af\u30ea\u30a2\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u6761\u9805\u3092\u64cd\u4f5c\u3057\u305f\u65e8\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3001\uff08\uff12\uff09\u4e09\u500d\u984d\u640d\u5bb3\u91d1\uff08treble damages\uff09\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-085]<\/b><br \/>\n\u9023\u90a6\u5730\u65b9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001Beacon\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001Fox\u306e\u8a34\u3048\u306f\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306b\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u5224\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066Beacon\u306e\u53cd\u8a34\u30fb\u4ea4\u5dee\u8acb\u6c42\u3067\u4e3b\u5f35\u3055\u308c\u305f\u53cd\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u6cd5\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u306a\u3057\u306b\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5be9\u7406\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002Beacon\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3092\u4e0d\u670d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u3068\u3059\u308b\u8077\u52d9\u57f7\u884c\u4ee4\u72b6\uff08a writ of mandamus\uff09\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u63a7\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-086]<\/b><br \/>\n\u7b2c\uff19\u5de1\u56de\u533a\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306f\u3001Fox\u304c\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u8a34\u72b6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306e\u307f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a34\u72b6\u306f\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u7ba1\u8f44\u5185\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u3001\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3093\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u8acb\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3001\u672c\u4ef6\u306e\u4e09\u500d\u8ce0\u511f\u91d1\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u6551\u6e08\u306e\u8a34\u3048\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305a\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3089\u305a\u306b\u5be9\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u751f\u3058\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5224\u793a\u3057\u3001\u8077\u52d9\u57f7\u884c\u4ee4\u72b6\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u7406\u300d\u3092\u8e0f\u8972\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002Beacon\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u4e0a\u544a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-087]<\/b><br \/>\n\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u63a7\u8a34\u5be9\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u3092\u5be9\u7406\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u966a\u5be9\u306e\u5be9\u7406\u306b\u4ed8\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u547d\u3058\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306f\uff12\u3064\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002\uff08\uff11\uff09\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u7ba1\u8f44\u6a29\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u306f\u7af6\u5408\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u6551\u6e08\u30fb\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u3066\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\uff08\uff12\uff09\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u624b\u7d9a\u3067\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u304c\u5171\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306b\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5be9\u7406\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u7406\u300d\u306e\u5426\u8a8d\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce862\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce862\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09pp. 505 \u2013 7<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-088]<\/b><br \/>\n1962\u5e74\u306eDairy Queen\u4e8b\u4ef6<sup>\uff08\u6ce863\uff09<\/sup>\u306f\u3001\u539f\u544a\u3001McCullogh partnership\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3001\u300cMcCullogh\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\uff09\u3068\u88ab\u544a\u3001Dairy Queen, Inc.\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3001\u300cDairy Queen\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\uff09\u306e\u9593\u3067\u3001\u5546\u6a19\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u8a31\u8afe\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u4e89\u308f\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce864\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce863\uff09Dairy Queen Inc. v. Wood, 369 U.S. 469, 62 S Ct. 984, 8 L. Ed, 2d 44 (1962)<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce864\uff09(Glannon, Perlman &amp; Raven-Hansen 2021) p. 1027 - 31. \uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p. 508<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-089]<\/b><br \/>\nMcCullogh\u306f\u3001\u300cDAIRY QUEEN\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5546\u6a19\u3092\u6240\u6709\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u4ed6\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\uff08\u300c\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30fc\u300d\uff09\u306b\u305d\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u8a31\u8afe\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u5546\u6a19\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092Dairy Queen\u306b\u518d\u8a31\u8afe\u3057\u305f\u3002Dairy Queen\u306f\u3001\u30da\u30f3\u30b7\u30eb\u30d9\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5730\u57df\u3067\u5546\u6a19\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u72ec\u5360\u6a29\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5951\u7d04\u4e0a\u306e\u652f\u6255\u3044\u3092\u5c65\u884c\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002McCullogh\u3068\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30fc\u306f\u3001Dairy Queen\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u4e0a\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3001\u30da\u30f3\u30b7\u30eb\u30d9\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u306e\u6771\u5730\u533a\u9023\u90a6\u5730\u65b9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-090]<\/b><br \/>\nMcCullogh\u3068\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\uff13\u3064\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3092\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\uff08\uff11\uff09Dairy Queen\u304c\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30c1\u30e3\u30a4\u30ba\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5546\u6a19\u306e\u5c06\u6765\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u307e\u305f\u306f\u53d6\u5f15\u3092\u304a\u3053\u306a\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5dee\u3057\u6b62\u3081\u308b\u4eee\u5dee\u6b62\u547d\u4ee4\uff08temporary injunction\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u672c\u6848\u7684\u5dee\u6b62\u547d\u4ee4\uff08permanent injunction\uff09\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\uff08\uff12\uff09Dairy Queen\u304c\u652f\u6255\u3046\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u91d1\u984d\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\uff08accounting\uff09\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\uff08\uff13\uff09Dairy Queen \u304c\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u8ca9\u58f2\u5730\u57df\u5185\u306e\u76f4\u8ca9\u5e97\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8ca9\u58f2\u91d1\u984d\u306e\u56de\u53ce\u306e\u5dee\u6b62\u547d\u4ee4\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-091]<\/b><br \/>\n\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001Dairy Queen\u306f\u3001\uff08\uff11\uff09\u5951\u7d04\u306b\u9055\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u65e8\u3001\uff08\uff12\uff09\u8acb\u6c42\u304c\u6642\u52b9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6d88\u6ec5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u65e8\u3001\uff08\uff13\uff09\u4e3b\u5f35\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5951\u7d04\u4e0a\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u306f\u53cd\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u6cd5\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u65e8\u3001\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u898f\u5247\u306e\u898f\u524738 (b)\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u8a34\u7b54\u3092\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-092]<\/b><br \/>\n\u30da\u30f3\u30b7\u30eb\u3079\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u306e\u9023\u90a6\u5730\u65b9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a34\u8a1f\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u306f\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u306b\u4ed8\u968f\u3059\u308b\uff08incidental\uff09\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308bDairy Queen\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u7406\u300d\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002Dairy Queen\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u7121\u52b9\u3092\u547d\u4ee4\u3059\u308b\u57f7\u884c\u4ee4\u72b6\uff08mandamus\uff09\u3092\u7b2c3\u5de1\u56de\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u304c\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u305f\u3002Dairy Queen\u306f\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u4ee4\u72b6\uff08certiorari\uff09\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u4e0a\u544a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-093]<\/b><br \/>\n\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001Dairy Queen\u306e\u4ee4\u72b6\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u53d7\u7406\u3057\u3001Beacon\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u5148\u4f8b\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u3001Beacon\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u304c\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u306b\u4ed8\u968f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308a\u306a\u304f\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u5224\u793a\u3057\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6700\u521d\u306b\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5be9\u7406\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u5224\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e89\u70b9\u304c\u5f53\u8a72\u8acb\u6c42\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3001McCullogh\u3068\u30e9\u30a4\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30fc\u306e\uff08\uff12\uff09Dairy Queen\u304c\u652f\u6255\u3046\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u91d1\u984d\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\uff08accounting\uff09\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u306f\u3001\u8ca0\u50b5\u30fb\u91d1\u92ad\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3001\u672c\u8a34\u8a1f\u306f\u3001\u61b2\u6cd5\u304c\u4fdd\u969c\u3059\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u5224\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-094]<\/b><br \/>\nBeacon\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u3001Fox\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3068Beacon\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u53cd\u8a34\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e89\u70b9\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u6620\u753b\u914d\u7d66\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u5408\u7406\u6027\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002Fox\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u5ba3\u8a00\u5224\u6c7a\u306f\u3001Declaratory Judgment Act 1934\uff081934\u5e74\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u5224\u6c7a\u6cd5\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u898f\u5247Rule 57\u3067\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u304c\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce865\uff09<\/sup>\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u7406\u300d\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u6027\u8cea\u306f\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3068\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u306b\u4ed8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a34\u8a1f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce866\uff09<\/sup>Dairy Queen\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u6cd5\u7406\u300d\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3001Beacon\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u3088\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u6027\u8cea\u304c\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u4e0a\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u304b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u304b\u5426\u304b\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u306e\u4ed6\u65b9\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4ed8\u968f\u6027\u306e\u6709\u7121\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u4e0a\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u3092\u6700\u521d\u306b\u5be9\u7406\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u4ed8\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u4ed8\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u9055\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3059\u308b\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u3053\u306e\uff12\u3064\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3067\u8457\u3057\u304f\u62e1\u5927\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce865\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09pp. 502 \u2013 3<br \/>\n\uff08\u6ce866\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p. 508<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-095]<\/b><br \/>\n\u4eca\u65e5\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u533a\u5225\u306f\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30021958\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u62e1\u5927\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u6551\u6e08\u304c\u5c3d\u304d\u305f\u3068\u304d\u304b\u3089\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u6551\u6e08\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002[1-070]\u3084[1-071]\u3067\u307f\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u306e\u500b\u6027\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u3092\u56f3\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u7d4c\u9a13\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3082\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u512a\u4f4d\u6027\u306f\u5909\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30af\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u539f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u512a\u4f4d\u6027\u306f\u30011066\u5e74\u306e\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308bNoman Conquest\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u306b\u901a\u5e95\u3059\u308b\u601d\u60f3\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u5275\u9020\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u3001\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u5275\u9020\u306e\u5f53\u521d\u304b\u3089\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u306b\u4ed8\u7740\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u304c\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u7d99\u53d7\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3082\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u7d99\u53d7\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u5730\u3067\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u9ad8\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3082\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u9023\u90a6\u3068\u5dde\u3068\u306e\u7279\u7570\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5dde\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u64c1\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6c11\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u7279\u7570\u306a\u6cd5\u73fe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-096]<\/b><br \/>\n\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u5224\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4fdd\u969c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u88c1\u5224\u306f\u6fc0\u6e1b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306b\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u5951\u7d04\u3067\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u653e\u68c4\u3059\u308b\u4f8b\u304c\u5897\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<sup>\uff08\u6ce867\uff09<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce867\uff09\uff08Friedenthal, Kane, Miller &amp; Steiman 2021\uff09p. 490<\/p>\n<p><b>[1-097]<\/b><br \/>\n\u5951\u7d04\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306f\u3001\u4ea4\u6e09\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u3001\u7d1b\u4e89\u304c\u751f\u3058\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306e\u5bfe\u7b56\u3068\u3057\u3066\u69d8\u3005\u306e\u6761\u9805\u3092\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306b\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u3066\u304d\u305f\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u6761\u9805\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u300c\u966a\u5be9\u653e\u68c4\u6761\u9805\uff08jury waiver provision\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u966a\u5be9\u306e\u653e\u68c4\u3092\u671b\u3080\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6761\u9805\u304c\u4ea4\u6e09\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0a\u304c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u7ba1\u8f44\u6a29\u306e\u6761\u9805\u3067\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306e\u5dde\u306e\u9023\u90a6\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u898f\u5247Rule39 (d)\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u966a\u5be9\u5be9\u7406\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u653e\u68c4\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3092\u63f4\u7528\u3057\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u966a\u5be9\u653e\u68c4\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5897\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6761\u9805\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30dc\u30a4\u30e9\u30fc\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\uff08boilerplate\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6b21\u56de\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30ae\u30e5\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\uff08ambiguity\uff09\u3068\u30dc\u30a4\u30e9\u30fc\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\uff08boilerplate\uff09\u300d\u3068\u984c\u3057\u3001\u30dc\u30a4\u30e9\u30fc\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u4e88\u5b9a\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6642\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u300c\u966a\u5be9\u653e\u68c4\u6761\u9805\u300d\u3082\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u969b\u3001\u30dc\u30a4\u30e9\u30fc\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8457\u540d\u306a\u66f8\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08Stark 2003\uff09\u306e\u300cChapter 7 WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL\u300d<sup>\uff08\u6ce868\uff09<\/sup>\u306b\u4f8b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u6761\u9805\u3092\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u4e88\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6761\u9805\u3092\u3053\u3053\u306b\u63b2\u3052\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\nEach party, to the extent permitted by law, knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally waves its right to a trial by jury in any action or other legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement and the transactions it contemplates. This waiver applies to any action or legal proceeding, whether sounding in contract, tort or otherwise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(Stark 2003) p. 163<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\">\n\uff08\u6ce868\uff09\uff08Stark 2003\uff09Tina L. 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