{"id":869,"date":"2023-07-13T22:06:56","date_gmt":"2023-07-13T13:06:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/?p=869"},"modified":"2023-08-02T22:56:26","modified_gmt":"2023-08-02T13:56:26","slug":"shall05","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/shall05\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u89e3\u91c8 \u2015\u300cshall\u300d\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306b\u2015\uff08\u7b2c5\u56de\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!--\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3-->\n<p><ul class=\"Pagination\">\n<li class=\"Pagination-Item\">\n<a class=\"Pagination-Item-Link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/shall04\/\"><!--1\u3064\u524d\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30b8URL-->\n<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"Pagination-Item-Link-Icon\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\">\n<path stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M11 19l-7-7 7-7m8 14l-7-7 7-7\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"Pagination-Item\">\n<a class=\"Pagination-Item-Link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/shall01\/\"><span>1<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"Pagination-Item\">\n<a class=\"Pagination-Item-Link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/shall02\/\"><span>2<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"Pagination-Item\">\n<a class=\"Pagination-Item-Link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/shall03\/\"><span>3<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"Pagination-Item\">\n<a class=\"Pagination-Item-Link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/shall04\/\"><span>4<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"Pagination-Item\">\n<a class=\"Pagination-Item-Link isActive\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/shall05\/\"><span>5<\/span><\/a><!--\u30a2\u30af\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30da\u30fc\u30b8 isActive\u5909\u66f4-->\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"Pagination-Item\">\n<a class=\"Pagination-Item-Link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/shall05\/\"><!--1\u3064\u5f8c\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30b8URL-->\n<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"Pagination-Item-Link-Icon\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\">\n<path stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M13 5l7 7-7 7M5 5l7 7-7 7\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/p>\n<!--\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3053\u3053\u307e\u3067-->\n\n\n<p>\n\u6ce8\uff09\u8aac\u660e\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u672c\u6587\u3067\u5f15\u7528\u3059\u308b\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6761\u9805\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306e\u6761\u6587\u306f\u3001\u67a0\u3067\u56f2\u3093\u3067\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\uff0813-1\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u901a\u3057\u756a\u53f7\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u524d\u56de\u307e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\uff0813-1\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u56de\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0813-1\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u756a\u53f7\u306e\u524d\u306b\u3001\u300c\u4f8b\u6587\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u3066\u5f15\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u6163\u4f8b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u304a\u3082\u3048\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002(13-1)\u3001\uff0813-2\uff09\u306e13\u306e\u5f8c\u306e1\u30012\u306e\u756a\u53f7\u306f\u30011\u304c\u539f\u6587\u30672\u304c\u305d\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u524d\u56de\u307e\u3067\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\uff0813-1\uff09\u306f\u539f\u6587\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\u6587\u304c\uff0813-2\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u30022\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\u6587\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\uff0813-3\uff09\u3001\uff0813-4\uff09\u306a\u3069\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p><b>\u2461\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\n\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u884c\u4f7f\u3057\u307e\u305f\u306f\u884c\u4f7f\u3057\u306a\u3044\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u306b\u307e\u304b\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3060\u3051\u306b\u307e\u304b\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3070\u3042\u3044\u3082\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306b\u540c\u6642\u306b\u307e\u304b\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3070\u3042\u3044\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u3042\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u304c\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u300c\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u300d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u300c\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a9e\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\uff08has discretion to\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7fa9\u52d9\u3084\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u300c\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a9e\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300cshall\u300d\u3084\u300cbe entitled to\u300d\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u306f\u4f7f\u7528\u305b\u305a\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308a\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u307f\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u6df7\u4e71\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<a id=\"(1)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(1)\"><sub>(1)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\uff08has discretion to\uff09\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u30c9\u30e9\u30d5\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u66f8\u7269\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ad6\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b<a id=\"(2)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(2)\"><sub>(2)<\/sub><\/a> <a id=\"(3)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(3)\"><sub>(3)<\/sub><\/a> <a id=\"(4)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(4)\"><sub>(4)<\/sub><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e\u4f8b\u6587\uff0813-1\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u3001\u300c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3082\u3001\u4e0b\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0814-1\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u70b9\u3067\u3001\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u306f\u7d1b\u3089\u308f\u3057\u3044\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3068\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u65b9\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u8ca0\u3046\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u304c\u6697\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u3067\u305d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u884c\u4f7f\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u884c\u4f7f\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3082\u81ea\u7531\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u8ca0\u3046\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u6697\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306e\u307f\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u304c\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u3001\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u884c\u4f7f\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u3053\u308c\u3092\u884c\u4f7f\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u884c\u4f7f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u884c\u4f7f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u3042\u3089\u305f\u306a\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5225\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">(13-1)<\/td>\n<td>\u58f2\u4e3b\u304c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u6e21\u3057\u305f\u5bfe\u8c61\u5546\u54c1\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306b\u6b20\u9665\u53c8\u306f\u4ed5\u69d8\u3068\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u58f2\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u3067\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6b20\u9665\u5546\u54c1\u3092\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u306a\u3044\u5546\u54c1\u3068\u53d6\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3001\u53c8\u306f\u58f2\u8cb7\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u305d\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u898b\u5408\u3046\u91d1\u984d\u3092\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u8fd4\u9084\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(13-2)<\/td>\n<td>If any portion of the Product delivered by the Seller to the Buyer is defective or is not in conformity with the Specifications, then the Seller may, at its sole discretion, replace that defective Product with a non-defective Product or refund the portion of the purchase price applicable to that defective Product to the Buyer.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">(14-1)<\/td>\n<td>\n\u58f2\u4e3b\u304c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u6e21\u3057\u305f\u5bfe\u8c61\u5546\u54c1\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306b\u6b20\u9665\u53c8\u306f\u4ed5\u69d8\u3068\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u58f2\u4e3b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6b20\u9665\u5546\u54c1\u3092\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u306a\u3044\u5546\u54c1\u3068\u53d6\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3001\u53c8\u306f\u58f2\u8cb7\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u305d\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u898b\u5408\u3046\u91d1\u984d\u3092\u8acb\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(14-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nIf any portion of the Product delivered by the Seller to the Buyer is defective or is not in conformity with the Specifications, then the Buyer is entitled to request the Seller to replace that defective Product with a non-defective Product, or to refund the portion of the purchase price applicable to that defective Product.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\n\u4e0a\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0813-1\uff09\u306f\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0814-1\uff09\u306f\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u6587\uff0813-1\uff09\u306e\u3070\u3042\u3044\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u5546\u54c1\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u304c\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u58f2\u4e3b\u306f\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u3067\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u5bfe\u8c61\u5546\u54c1\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u8fd4\u9084\u3092\u884c\u3046\u304b\u3001\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0814-1\uff09\u306e\u3070\u3042\u3044\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u5546\u54c1\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306b\u6b20\u9665\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306f\u58f2\u4e3b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53d6\u66ff\u3048\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u8fd4\u9084\u3092\u8acb\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u4e0b\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0815-1\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u58f2\u4e3b\u304c\u305d\u306e\u53d6\u66ff\u3048\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u8fd4\u9084\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3092\u6697\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6697\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(15-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u58f2\u4e3b\u304c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u6e21\u3057\u305f\u5bfe\u8c61\u5546\u54c1\u306b\u6b20\u9665\u53c8\u306f\u4ed5\u69d8\u3068\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u58f2\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6b20\u9665\u5546\u54c1\u3092\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u306a\u3044\u5546\u54c1\u3068\u53d6\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3001\u53c8\u306f\u58f2\u8cb7\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u305d\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u898b\u5408\u3046\u91d1\u984d\u3092\u8fd4\u9084\u3059\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u3002\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(15-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nIf any portion of the Product delivered by the Seller to the Buyer is defective or is not in conformity with the Specifications, then the Seller shall be liable to replace that defective Product with a non-defective Product or to refund the portion of the purchase price applicable to that defective Product to the Buyer.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\n\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u300c\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a9e\u300d\u3068\u3059\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u3055\u308c\u305f\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u305d\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u540d\u5b9b\u4eba\uff08\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u8aad\u307f\u624b\uff09\u306b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u7d1b\u4e89\u304c\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306f\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u304c\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3042\u304d\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u307f\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3001\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\uff08has discretion to\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306e\u307f\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\uff08\u6cd5\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09\u306f\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300cas the case may be\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u719f\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3070\u3042\u3044\u306f\u63aa\u304f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u5834\u9762\u3067\u3088\u304f\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u4e0b\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0816-1\uff09\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300cmay\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08possibility\uff09\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3070\u3042\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u4e0a\u8ff0\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\uff08has discretion to\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u306b\u969b\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u300c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08possibility\uff09\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cmay\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u65b9\u6cd5\u306f\u30012\u3064\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u30021\u3064\u306f\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0817-1\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u6761\u4ef6\u300d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306b\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b<a id=\"(5)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(5)\"><sub>(5)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u4ed6\u306b\uff11\u3064\u306f\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0818-1\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u300cmight\u300d\u306b\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u300d\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3068\u300cmight\u300d\u306f\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u306b\u533a\u5225\u306a\u304f\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c<a id=\"(6)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(6)\"><sub>(6)<\/sub><\/a>\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3068\u300cmight\u300d\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306f\u305d\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u78ba\u7387\u306e\u308f\u305a\u304b\u306a\u5dee\uff08may:50%\u3001might:30%\uff09\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046<a id=\"(7)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(7)\"><sub>(7)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u300c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08possibility\uff09\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u300cmight\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306e\u307f\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b<a id=\"(8)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(8)\"><sub>(8)<\/sub><\/a> <a id=\"(9)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(9)\"><sub>(9)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7b2c2\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u512a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u304a\u3082\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(16-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nParty A may provide Party B with confidential information.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(16-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u7532\u306f\u3001\u4e59\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u79d8\u5bc6\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(17-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nIf Party A provides Party B with confidential information, then\u2026.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(17-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u7532\u304c\u4e59\u306b\u79d8\u5bc6\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(18-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nParty A might provide Party B with confidential information.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(18-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u7532\u306f\u3001\u4e59\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u79d8\u5bc6\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\n\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u307b\u304b\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3067\u3001\u8a31\u53ef\uff08permission\uff09\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u610f\u5473\u304c\u3042\u308b<a id=\"(10)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(10)\"><sub>(10)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6761\u9805\u3067\u306f\u3053\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\uff08statute\uff09\u306f\u898f\u7bc4\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u3002\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u30fb\u56fd\u6c11\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\uff08\u884c\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\uff09\u3084\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u304c\u88c1\u5224\u3092\u884c\u3046\u4e0a\u3067\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\uff08\u88c1\u5224\u898f\u7bc4\uff09\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059<a id=\"(11)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(11)\"><sub>(11)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u3053\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u307b\u3046\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u6cd5\u898f\u7bc4\u306f\u300c\u5f53\u70ba\u300d\u3092\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u540d\u5b9b\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u30fb\u56fd\u6c11\u30fb\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u547d\u4ee4\u3057\u3001\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8ab2\u3057\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8a31\u53ef\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5f37\u5236\uff08mandatory\uff09\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3070\u3042\u3044\u3082\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4efb\u610f\uff08directory\uff09\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u306b\u4efb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3070\u3042\u3044\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3070\u3042\u3044\u306b\u3001\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300cmay\u300d\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u672c\u7a3f\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u3001\u4f01\u696d\u9593\u306e\u56fd\u969b\u82f1\u6587\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u672c\u7a3f\u3067\u53d6\u308a\u6271\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3001\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u5f15\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a31\u53ef\uff08permission\uff09\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cmay\uff08is permitted to\uff09\u300d\u306b\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6761\u9805\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cmay\uff08has discretion to\uff09\u300d\u3068\u306e\u9055\u3044\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u300cmay\u300d\u304c\u300c\u8a31\u53ef\u3059\u308b\uff08is permitted to\uff09\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u3001may\u306f\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\uff08is discretion to\uff09\u300d\u306e\u307f\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u304a\u3082\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cmay\u300d\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u304c\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62c5\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u4e0b\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0819-1\uff09\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0820-1\uff09\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0820-2\uff09\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300cshall\u300d\u304c\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u4f8b\u6587\uff0819-1\uff09\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c14\u4fee\u6b63\u7b2c1\u7bc0\uff08Amendment XIV Section 1\uff09\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6761\u6587\u306f\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0820-1\uff09\u306e\u7b2c5\u4fee\u6b63\uff08Amendment V\uff09\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u5951\u7d04\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u539f\u5247\u304c\u6163\u7fd2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u5951\u7d04\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u539f\u5247\u304c\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u9ad8\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6761\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b<a id=\"(12)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(12)\"><sub>(12)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u3082\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3092\u61b2\u6cd513\u6761\u306e\u5e78\u798f\u8ffd\u6c42\u6a29\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u9b45\u529b\u3042\u308b\u7406\u8ad6<a id=\"(13)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(13)\"><sub>(13)<\/sub><\/a> <a id=\"(14)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(14)\"><sub>(14)<\/sub><\/a>\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u4f01\u696d\u306b\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u5e78\u798f\u8ffd\u6c42\u6a29<a id=\"(15)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(15)\"><sub>(15)<\/sub><\/a>\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3046\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u5bfe\u610f\u898b\uff08\u61b2\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u5c11\u6570\u8aac\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308a<a id=\"(16)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(16)\"><sub>(16)<\/sub><\/a>\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0820-2\uff09\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0819-1\uff09\u3084\u4f8b\u6587\uff0820-1\uff09\u3068\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u4e0a\u3001\u985e\u4f3c\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c31\u6761\u3092\u6319\u3052\u305f\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n\u00a0(19-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nAll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.\u00a0 No States shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within the jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(19-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u5185\u3067\u8a95\u751f\u3057\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306b\u5e30\u5316\u3057\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u306b\u670d\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u5e02\u6c11\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u304b\u3064\u305d\u306e\u5c45\u4f4f\u3059\u308b\u5dde\u306e\u5e02\u6c11\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5dde\u306f\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u5e02\u6c11\u306e\u7279\u6a29\u307e\u305f\u306f\u514d\u9664\u3092\u5236\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3092\u5236\u5b9a\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5b9f\u65bd\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff1b\u5dde\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u3074\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3082\u3001\u6cd5\u306e\u9069\u6b63\u306a\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u3088\u3089\u305a\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8ca1\u7523\u3092\u596a\u3063\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff1b\u307e\u305f\u5dde\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u5185\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8005\u304b\u3089\u6cd5\u306e\u5e73\u7b49\u306a\u4fdd\u8b77\u3092\u596a\u3063\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\n\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3001\u7279\u306b\u660e\u793a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u304b\u304e\u308a\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a33\u306f\u3001\u7530\u4e2d\u82f1\u592b\u300cBASIC\u82f1\u7c73\u6cd5\u8f9e\u5178\u300d\uff08\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u30011993\u5e74\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\uff09\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(20-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nNo person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(20-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u4f55\u3074\u3068\u3082\u3001\u5927\u966a\u5be9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u544a\u767a\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6b63\u5f0f\u8d77\u8a34\u306b\u3088\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6b7b\u5211\u3092\u79d1\u3057\u3046\u308b\u7f6a\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u7834\u5ec9\u6065\u7f6a\u306b\u3064\u304d\u516c\u8a34\u3092\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff1b\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u9678\u6d77\u8ecd\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6226\u6642\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u516c\u5171\u306e\u5371\u967a\u306b\u3055\u3044\u3057\u3066\u73fe\u306b\u8ecd\u52d9\u306b\u670d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6c11\u5175\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u9650\u308a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4f55\u3074\u3068\u3082\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u72af\u7f6a\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u91cd\u306d\u3066\u751f\u547d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8eab\u4f53\u306e\u5371\u967a\u306b\u3055\u3089\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff1b\u4f55\u3074\u3068\u3082\u3001\u5211\u4e8b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u81ea\u5df1\u306b\u4e0d\u5229\u306a\u8a3c\u4eba\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u307e\u305f\u6cd5\u306e\u9069\u6b63\u306a\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u3088\u3089\u305a\u306b\u3001\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8ca1\u7523\u3092\u596a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff1b\u4f55\u3074\u3068\u3082\u3001\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u88dc\u511f\u306a\u3057\u306b\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u8ca1\u7523\u3092\u516c\u5171\u306e\u7528\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u53ce\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(21-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u4f55\u4eba\u3082\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306e\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u624b\u7d9a\u306b\u3088\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u751f\u547d\u82e5\u3057\u304f\u306f\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u596a\u306f\u308c\u3001\u53c8\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u5211\u7f70\u3092\u79d1\u305b\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(21-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nNo person shall be deprived of life or liberty, nor shall any other criminal penalty be imposed, except according to procedure established by law.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\n\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u306e\u7528\u6cd5\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b<a id=\"(17)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(17)\"><sub>(17)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b2c1\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u7b2c1\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cshall\u300d\u306f\u7b2c1\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u5358\u7d14\u672a\u6765\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3057\u3001\u7b2c2\u4eba\u79f0\u30fb\u7b2c3\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300cshall\u300d\u304c\u7b2c2\u4eba\u79f0\u30fb\u7b2c3\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u8005\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u305d\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u767a\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u306e\u305d\u306e\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\uff08\u7b2c2\u4eba\u79f0\u30fb\u7b2c3\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u3001volition\/ determination\uff08\u610f\u5fd7\u30fb\u6c7a\u610f\uff09\u3001promise\uff08\u7d04\u675f\uff09\u3001permission\uff08\u8a31\u53ef\uff09\u3001requirement\uff08\u8981\u6c42\uff09\u3001obligation\uff08\u7fa9\u52d9\uff09\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u6587\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300cImperative shall\u300d\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u7528\u6cd5\u306e\u7b2c2\u4eba\u79f0\u30fb\u7b2c3\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\nFowler\u2019s English Usage\u306e\u300cshall and will\u300d\u306e\u9805\u76ee<a id=\"(18)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(18)\"><sub>(18)<\/sub><\/a>\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u3088\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001American Heritage Dictionary\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u306e\u9805\u76ee\u300cUSAGE NOTE\u300d<a id=\"(19)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(19)\"><sub>(19)<\/sub><\/a>\uff08\u3053\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u306e\u300cUSAGE NOTE\u300d \u306f\u30a6\u30a8\u30d6\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248\u306e\u300cain\u2019t\u300d\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3092\u3081\u3050\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f<a id=\"(20)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(20)\"><sub>(20)<\/sub><\/a>\uff09\u306b\u8981\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3053\u308c\u3092\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u3057\u3001Webster<a id=\"(21)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(21)\"><sub>(21)<\/sub><\/a>\u3082\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u7528\u6cd5\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u3068\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u3088\u3046\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u5468\u9632\uff08SUO\uff09\u3068\u5e83\u53f8\uff08KOJI\uff09\u3068\u6c11\u4ee3\uff08TAMIYO\uff09\u304c\u3001SANDRICH\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540d\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u306e\u524d\u3067\u3001\u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8a71\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002KOJI\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u8005\uff09\u304c\u300cI shall dance\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300c\u79c1\u304c\u8e0a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u8005\uff1dKOJI\uff081\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u306e\u672a\u6765\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002TAMIYO\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u8005\uff09\u304cKOJI\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300cShall we dance\uff1f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300c\uff08\u308f\u305f\u3057\u305f\u3061\u306f\uff09\u8e0a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308bTAMIYO\u3068\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u3067\u3042\u308bKOJI\u306f\u3068\u3082\u306b\u300c\u308f\u305f\u3057\u305f\u3061\u300d\uff08\u7b2c1\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3001TAMIYO\u3068KOJI\uff08\u3068\u3082\u306b\u7b2c\uff11\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u306e\u672a\u6765\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002SUO\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u8005\uff09\u304cKOJI\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cYou shall dance\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306eyou\u306f\u7b2c2\u4eba\u79f0\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3070\u3042\u3044\u306b\u3001\u7b2c2\u4eba\u79f0\u306eshall\u306e\u7528\u6cd5\u304c\u306f\u305f\u3089\u304f\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308bSUO\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308byou\uff08\uff1dKOJI\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5fd7\u30fb\u6c7a\u610f\u30fb\u7d04\u675f\u30fb\u8a31\u53ef\u30fb\u8981\u6c42\u30fb\u7fa9\u52d9\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u3082\u3063\u305f\u547d\u4ee4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u5834\u9762\u30fb\u8a9e\u8abf\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306b\u8e0a\u3063\u3066\u307b\u3057\u3044\u300d\u3068\u304b\u3001\u300c\u8e0a\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u300d\u3068\u304b\u300c\u8e0a\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002SUO\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u8005\uff09\u304cTAMIYO\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001KOJI\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u300cHe shall dance\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3001\u7b2c2\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u8005\uff08SUO\uff09\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7b2c3\u4eba\u79f0\uff08KOJI\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u8005\uff08SUO\uff09\u306e\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u547d\u4ee4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u306e\u7528\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300cshall\u300d\u306e\u7b2c2\u4eba\u79f0\u30fb\u7b2c3\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u7528\u6cd5\u304c\u3001\u300c\u8056\u66f8\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u300d\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u8056\u66f8\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u300c\u30a4\u30a8\u30b9\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\uff08\u7b2c1\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u304c\u4eba\u3005\uff08\u7b2c2\u4eba\u79f0\u30fb\u7b2c3\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300cYou shall dance\u300d\uff08\u300c\u6c5d\u3001\u8e0a\u308b\u3079\u3057\u300d\uff09\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300cNo person shall dance\u300d\u300c\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8005\u3082\u8e0a\u3063\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\uff08command\uff09\u3084\u8a13\u6212\uff08exhortation\uff09\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u3053\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u300cshall\u300d\u304c\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u3001\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300cA person shall dance\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300cNo person shall dance\u300d\u3068\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6a29\u529b\uff08\u7b2c1\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306e\u3001\u540d\u5b9b\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u30fb\u56fd\u6c11\u30fb\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\uff08\u7b2c3\u4eba\u79f0\uff09\u306e\u300c\u5f53\u70ba\u300d\u3092\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u3059\u308b\u898f\u7bc4\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u300c\u4f55\u4eba\u3082\u8e0a\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff08\u7fa9\u52d9\uff09\u300d\u3068\u304b\u300c\u4f55\u4eba\u3082\u8e0a\u3063\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff08\u7981\u6b62\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u547d\u4ee4\u30fb\u7981\u6b62\u898f\u7bc4\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u3001\u8056\u66f8\u306e\u8a13\u6212\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u3001\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u4e0a\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0819-1\uff09\u3084\uff0820-1\uff09\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6a29\u529b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u300c\u5dde\uff08\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\uff09\u300d\u30fb\u300c\u56fd\u6c11\u300d\u30fb\u300c\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u547d\u4ee4\u30fb\u7981\u6b62\u898f\u7bc4\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300cshall\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cshall\u300d\u3068\u306f\u3001\u898f\u5b9a\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u672c\u7a3f\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5e73\u7b49\u306a\u4f01\u696d\u9593\u306e\u56fd\u969b\u82f1\u6587\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u9593\u306e\u3044\u308f\u3070\u6a2a\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u4e26\u5217\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u7e26\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u4e0a\u4e0b\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8005\u304b\u3089\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u547d\u4ee4\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u3067\u3044\u3048\u3070\u3001\u61b2\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6a29\u529b<a id=\"(22)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(22)\"><sub>(22)<\/sub><\/a>\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5dde\uff08\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\uff09\u30fb\u56fd\u6c11\u30fb\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u547d\u4ee4\u30fb\u7981\u6b62\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0a\u4e0b\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u4e0b\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u7a3f\u304c\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u56fd\u969b\u82f1\u6587\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300cshall\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5834\u9762\u30fb\u8a9e\u8abf\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001volition\/ determination\uff08\u610f\u5fd7\u30fb\u6c7a\u610f\uff09\u3001promise\uff08\u7d04\u675f\uff09\u3001\u8a31\u53ef\uff08permission\uff09\u3001requirement\uff08\u8981\u6c42\uff09\u3001obligation\uff08\u7fa9\u52d9\uff09\u306a\u3069\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u300c\u8a31\u53ef\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e\u300c\u8a31\u53ef\uff08permission\uff09\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\uff08obligation\uff09\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001shall\u3068may\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u304c\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001Re Shuter [1860] 1 QB 142\u3067\u3001Fugitive Offenders Act 1881\uff081881\u5e74\u9003\u4ea1\u72af\u7f6a\u6cd5\uff09\u306e\u7b2c7\u6761\u300ca superior court, upon application by or on behalf of the fugitive\u2026may , unless sufficient cause is shown to the contrary, order the fugitive to be discharged out of custody\uff08\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u9003\u4ea1\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u53c8\u306f\u9003\u4ea1\u8005\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u3063\u3066\u8acb\u6c42\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u62d8\u7981\u3092\u89e3\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u547d\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300d\u306e\u300cmay\u300d\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u554f\u984c\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002Lord Parker CJ\u306f\u3001\u300c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8a00\u304c\u3042\u308b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u62d8\u7981\u3092\u89e3\u304b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306e\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5224\u793a\u3057\u305f<a id=\"(23)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(23)\"><sub>(23)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u7fa9\u52d9\u7684\uff08obligatory\/ mandatory\uff09\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u4f8b\u306f\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u304c\u3001\u672c\u6765\u3001\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5834\u5408\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001volition\/ determination\uff08\u610f\u5fd7\u30fb\u6c7a\u610f\uff09\u3001promise\uff08\u7d04\u675f\uff09\u3001permission\uff08\u8a31\u53ef\uff09\u3001requirement\uff08\u8981\u6c42\uff09\u3001obligation\uff08\u7fa9\u52d9\uff09\u7b49\u3001\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u306b\u3001permission\uff08\u8a31\u53ef\uff09\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u62c5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u4e0a\u8a18\u5224\u4f8b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001obligation\uff08\u7fa9\u52d9\uff09\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u307e\u3067\u8e0f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f<a id=\"(24)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(24)\"><sub>(24)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002Black Law Dictionary\u304c\u300cmay\u300d\u306e\u9805\u76ee<a id=\"(25)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(25)\"><sub>(25)<\/sub><\/a>\u3067\u3001\u300c\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5224\u4f8b\u3067\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u610f\u601d\u3092\u751f\u3058\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001may \u3092shall\u307e\u305f\u306fmust\u3068\u540c\u7fa9\u3068\u5224\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3082\u3001\u307e\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u793e\u300c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a9e\u8f9e\u5178\u300d\u304c\u300cshall\u300d\u306e\u9805\u76ee\u3067\u3001\u300cmay\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u3044\u610f\u5473\u3067\u73fe\u5728\u306a\u3044\u3057\u672a\u6765\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u30fb\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u8868\u300d\u308f\u3059<a id=\"(25)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(25)\"><sub>(25)<\/sub><\/a>\u3001\u3068\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3082\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u304c2\u3064\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e1\u3064\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4e0b\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0822-1\uff09\u300c\u7b2c2\u7de8\u7b2c1\u7bc0\u7b2c4\u9805\uff08ARTICLE II, SECTION 1 [4]\uff09\u306e\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u3001\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u30cf\u30a6\u30b9\u82f1\u548c\u5927\u8f9e\u5178<a id=\"(25)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(25)\"><sub>(25)<\/sub><\/a>\u304c\u300c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u548c\u8a33\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3082\u3001\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u3088\u3046\u3002\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u300cmay\u300d\u3068\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3068\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u66d6\u6627\u6027\u3082\u539f\u56e0\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u975e\u96e3\u306b\u3055\u3089\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(22-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThe Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(22-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u8b70\u4f1a\u306f\uff3b\u6b63\u526f\uff3d\u5927\u7d71\u9818\u306e\u9078\u51fa\u65e5\u7a0b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a<u>\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/u>\u3002......<br>\n\uff08\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u30cf\u30a6\u30b9\u82f1\u548c\u8f9e\u51781592\u9801\u304b\u3089\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a33\uff09\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(22-3)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u9023\u90a6\u8b70\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u9078\u6319\u4eba\u9078\u4efb\u306e\u6642\u304a\u3088\u3073\u65e5\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c<u>\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/u>\uff1b\u6295\u7968\u65e5\u306f\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u540c\u3058\u65e5\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<br>\n\uff08\u7530\u4e2d\u82f1\u592b\u30fb\u7de8\u96c6\u4ee3\u8868\u300eBASIC\u82f1\u7c73\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u4f1a\u30011993\u5e74223\u9801\u304b\u3089\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a33\uff09\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(22-4)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u9023\u90a6\u8b70\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u9078\u6319\u4eba\u3092\u9078\u4efb\u3059\u308b\u6642\u671f\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u3001\u6295\u7968\u4eba\u304c\u6295\u7968\u3059\u308b\u65e5\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c<u>\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/u>\u3002\u6295\u7968\u65e5\u306f\u3001\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u540c\u3058\u65e5\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<br>\n\uff08\u98db\u7530\u8302\u96c4\u8457\u300e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u3092\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u8aad\u3080\u3000\u56fd\u6c11\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u3069\u3046\u5b88\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304b\u300f\u4e2d\u516c\u65b0\u66f8\u30011998\u5e74\u3001106\u9801\u304b\u3089\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a33\uff09\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\n\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u6279\u5224\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002Black\u2019s Law Dictionary\u306f\u3001\u300cshall\u300d\u304c\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3001\u300cwill\u300d\u3001\u300cshould\u300d\u3001\u300cbe entitled to\u300d\u3068\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3068\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300cNo person shall\u300d\u306f\u300cNo person may\u300d\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u8868\u73fe\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046<a id=\"(28)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(28)\"><sub>(28)<\/sub><\/a> <a id=\"(29)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(29)\"><sub>(29)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306e\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6279\u5224\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u300cshall\u300d\u304c\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<a id=\"(30)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(30)\"><sub>(30)<\/sub><\/a> <a id=\"(31)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(31)\"><sub>(31)<\/sub><\/a>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u570f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300cshall\u300d\u304c\u300cShall we dance?\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u610f\u898b\u3084\u540c\u610f\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u300clighthearted\uff08\u967d\u6c17\u306a\uff09\u300d\u8cea\u554f<a id=\"(32)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(32)\"><sub>(32)<\/sub><\/a>\u3068\u304b\u3001\u300cPeople shall overcome\u300d\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u8133\u88cf\u306b\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u3082\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u300cshall\u300d\u306e\u300cpretentious\uff08\u6c17\u53d6\u3063\u305f\uff09\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300chaughty\uff08\u9ad8\u6162\u306a\uff09\u300d\u97ff\u304d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u65e5\u5e38\u4f1a\u8a71\u3067\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044<a id=\"(33)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(33)\"><sub>(33)<\/sub><\/a>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3082\u624b\u4f1d\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3092\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u5411\u304b\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u306f\u30011970\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u9280\u884c\u3084\u4fdd\u967a\u4f1a\u793e\u306e\u7d04\u6b3e\u7b49\u306e\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u95a2\u9023\u6587\u66f8\u306bplain English\uff08Plain Language\uff09\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u4e16\u754c\u898f\u6a21\u306e\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u904b\u52d5\u3068\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u5e73\u6613\u5316\u306e\u52d5\u304d<a id=\"(34)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(34)\"><sub>(34)<\/sub><\/a>\u3068\u9023\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u30011980\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u3067\u3001\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u3092\u300cmust\u300d\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u52d5\u304d\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u9855\u5728\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u300cshall\u300d\u3092\u300cmust\u300d\u306b\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u52d5\u304d\u306f\u3001\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u5dde\u3067\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f<a id=\"(35)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(35)\"><sub>(35)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u306e\u5834\u9762\u307e\u305f\u306f\u767a\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u8a9e\u8abf\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001volition\/ determination\uff08\u610f\u5fd7\u30fb\u6c7a\u610f\uff09\u3001promise\uff08\u7d04\u675f\uff09\u3001permission\uff08\u8a31\u53ef\uff09\u3001requirement\uff08\u8981\u6c42\uff09\u3001obligation\uff08\u7fa9\u52d9\uff09\u306a\u3069\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3070\u300c\u30ab\u30e1\u30ec\u30aa\u30f3\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8449\uff08a CHAMELEON-HUED WORD\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u3064\u304b\u307f\u3069\u3053\u308d\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3044\u3044\u304b\u3052\u3093\u306a\uff08slippery\uff09\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u8d77\u8349\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u3044\u3044\u304b\u3052\u3093\u306a\u8d77\u8349\uff08slipshod drafting\uff09<a id=\"(36)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(36)\"><sub>(36)<\/sub><\/a>\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u3001\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u304c\u6709\u3059\u308b\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u300cmust\u300d\u3067\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u8a31\u53ef\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u300cmay\u300d\u306b\u72ec\u5360\u3055\u305b\u308b\u52d5\u304d\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u9855\u5728\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u3053\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u306f\u3001\u71ce\u539f\u306e\u706b\u306e\u3054\u3068\u304f\u82f1\u7c73\u6cd5\u57df\u8af8\u56fd\u306b\u71c3\u3048\u3072\u308d\u304c\u308a\u3001\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u30012007\u5e74\u3001US Federal Rules of Civil Procedure\uff08\u9023\u90a6\u6c11\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u6cd5\u898f\u5247\uff09\u306f\u30011\u3064\u306e\u300cshall\u300d\u3092\u6b8b\u3057\u3001\u300cmust\u300d\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f<a id=\"(37)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(37)\"><sub>(37)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u4f5c\u696d\u3092\u62c5\u5f53\u3057\u305f\u8cac\u4efb\u8005\u3001Joseph Kimble\u306f\u3001\u300cshall\u300d\u3092\u300cmay\u300d\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u7b87\u6240\u304c20\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b<a id=\"(38)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(38)\"><sub>(38)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u5357\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab<a id=\"(39)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(39)\"><sub>(39)<\/sub><\/a>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u61b2\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308a\u3001\u8d77\u8349\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300cshall\u300d\u304c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300cmust\u300d\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f<a id=\"(40)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(40)\"><sub>(40)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3082\u3001\u300cshall\u300d\u3092\u300cmust\u300d\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3048\u308b\u52d5\u304d\u306f\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306b\u3082\u53ca\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c<a id=\"(41)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(41)\"><sub>(41)<\/sub><\/a> <a id=\"(42)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(42)\"><sub>(42)<\/sub><\/a>\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300cshall\u3068must\u300d\u306e\u9805\u3067\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6df1\u5165\u308a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u3053\u3053\u3067\u6ce8\u610f\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cshall\u300d\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cmust\u300d\u3084\u300c\u8a31\u53ef\u300d\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6761\u9805\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cshall\u300d\u3084\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cmay\u300d\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cmust\u300d\u3084\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3067\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u300cImperative shall\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u306eshall\uff09\u300d\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u3050\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6a29\u529b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u547d\u4ee4\u30fb\u7981\u6b62\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8a31\u53ef\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u3068\u540d\u5b9b\u4eba\uff08\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u30fb\u56fd\u6c11\u30fb\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\uff09\u3068\u306e\u7e26\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u30fb\u4e0a\u4e0b\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u7a3f\u304c\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u56fd\u969b\u82f1\u6587\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cshall\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a9e\u306e\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u306a\u5951\u7d04\u4e21\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u9593\u306e\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\uff08has a duty to\uff09\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\uff08has discretion to\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3068\u4ed6\u65b9\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3068\u306e\u6a2a\u30fb\u4e26\u5217\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306f\u3001\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a31\u53ef\uff08permission\uff09\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cmay\uff08is permitted to\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\uff08has discretion to\uff09\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08possibility\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u300cmight\u300d\u306b\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300c\u8a31\u53ef\uff08permission\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u8ff0\u306e\u3068\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u3001\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\uff08has discretion to\uff09\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u6700\u5f8c\u306b\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3068\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4f5c\u696d\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u3088\u3046\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\nA\u7c73\u56fd\u4f01\u696d\u3068B\u65e5\u672c\u4f01\u696d\u306e\u300c\u696d\u52d9\u59d4\u8a17\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u300d\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\u3092\u59d4\u8a17\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306fA\u7c73\u56fd\u4f01\u696d\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300c\u7532\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308b\u88fd\u54c1\u306e\u88fd\u9020\u3092B\u65e5\u672c\u4f01\u696d\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300c\u4e59\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff09\u306b\u59d4\u8a17\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3002\u4f9d\u983c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u539f\u672c\u306b\u3001\u300c\u5371\u967a\u8ca0\u62c5\u300d\u3068\u984c\u3057\u3066\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e\u4f8b\u6587\uff0823-1\uff09\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3092\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6e96\u62e0\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u7ffb\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(23-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u7b2cXX\u6761\n\u4e59\u304c\u7532\u306b\u672c\u88fd\u54c1\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u6e21\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f15\u6e21\u3057\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u6642\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306b\u305d\u306e\u672c\u88fd\u54c1\u304c\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u8cac\u3081\u306b\u5e30\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u7531\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6ec5\u5931\u3057\u3001\u53c8\u306f\u640d\u50b7\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u7532\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6ec5\u5931\u53c8\u306f\u640d\u50b7\u3092\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5c65\u884c\u306e\u8ffd\u5b8c\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u6e1b\u984d\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u53ca\u3073\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u89e3\u9664\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7532\u306f\u3001\u5831\u916c\u306e\u652f\u6255\u3092\u62d2\u3080\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\n\u4e0a\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0823-1\uff09\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u6c11\u6cd5567\u6761\u304c\u305d\u306e\u8d77\u8349\u306b\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\u53c2\u7167\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0823-1\uff09\u3068\u4f8b\u6587\uff0824-1\uff09\u3092\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u307f\u308b\u3068\u660e\u3089\u304b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6c11\u6cd5\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5916\u56fd\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\u3067\u7ffb\u8a33\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7ffb\u8a33\u6e08\u307f\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306f\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u8005\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(24-1)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u6c11\u6cd5567\u6761<br>\n\u58f2\u4e3b\u304c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u7269\uff08\u58f2\u8cb7\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306b\u9650\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3053\u306e\u6761\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u540c\u3058\u3002\uff09\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u6e21\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f15\u6e21\u3057\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u6642\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306b\u305d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u7269\u304c\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u8cac\u3081\u306b\u5e30\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u7531\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6ec5\u5931\u3057\u3001\u53c8\u306f\u640d\u50b7\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6ec5\u5931\u53c8\u306f\u640d\u50b7\u3092\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5c65\u884c\u306e\u8ffd\u5b8c\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u6e1b\u984d\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u53ca\u3073\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u89e3\u9664\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8cb7\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u652f\u6255\u3092\u62d2\u3080\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n(24-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\nArticle 567<br>\nIf the seller delivers the subject matter (limited to one that has been ascertained as the subject matter of the sale; hereinafter the same applies in this Article) to the buyer, and the subject matter is lost or damaged after the time of the delivery due to any grounds not attributable to either party, the buyer may not demand cure of the non-conformity of performance, demand a reduction of the price, claim compensation for loss or damage, or cancel the contract, on the ground of the loss or damage. In such a case, the buyer may not refuse to pay the price.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\n\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306bCut &amp;Paste\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3088\u304f\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u975e\u96e3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u884c\u70ba\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046<a id=\"(43)b\"><\/a><a href=\"#(43)\"><sub>(43)<\/sub><\/a>\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3001\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u306aCut &amp; Paste\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3048\uff08Mechanical substitution\uff09\u306f\u5371\u967a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0824-1\uff09\u306e\u6c11\u6cd5567\u6761\u306e\u300c\u58f2\u4e3b\u300d\u306f\u696d\u52d9\u59d4\u8a17\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u300c\u4e59\u300d\u306b\u3001\u300c\u8cb7\u4e3b\u300d\u306f\u300c\u7532\u300d\u306b\u3001\u300c\u76ee\u7684\u7269\u300d\u306f\u300c\u672c\u88fd\u54c1\u300d\u306b\u4ee3\u3048\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5f53\u7136\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3068\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6761\u9805\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3001\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u305d\u306e\u8868\u308f\u3059\u610f\u5473\u304c\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3001\u672c\u7a3f\u306e\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u300d\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u4f8b\u6587\uff0823-1\uff09\u304c\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u6027\u8cea\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u304c\u5927\u5207\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u4f8b\u6587\uff0823-1\uff09\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3067\u304d\u3088\u3046\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u300c\u7532\u300d\u304c\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u300c\u4e59\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5c65\u884c\u306e\u8ffd\u5b8c\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u6e1b\u984d\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u53ca\u3073\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u89e3\u9664\u3092\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6709\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u304b\u3064\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u652f\u6255\u3092\u62d2\u3080\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6709\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u53cd\u9762\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u300c\u4e59\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5c65\u884c\u306e\u8ffd\u5b8c\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u4ee3\u91d1\u306e\u6e1b\u984d\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u3001\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306e\u8acb\u6c42\u53ca\u3073\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u89e3\u9664\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8ca0\u308f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u304b\u3064\u4ee3\u91d1\u652f\u6255\u306e\u62d2\u5426\u3092\u627f\u8afe\u3059\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8ca0\u308f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u6587\uff0823-1\uff09\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a72\u5f53\u306e\u898f\u5b9a\u304c\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u300c\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a9e\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300cbe entitled to\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5916\u56fd\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u4f8b\u6587\uff0824-2\uff09\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300cmay not\u300d\u306e\u300cmay\u300d\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u8a31\u53ef\uff08permission\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8868\u308f\u3059\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cmay\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u306e\u300cmay not\uff08is not permitted to\uff09\u300d\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0823-1\uff09\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\u6587\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0b\u8a18\u4f8b\u6587\uff0823-2\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6709\u3057\u306a\u3044\uff08is not entitled to\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7ffb\u8a33\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(23-2)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u7b2cXX\u6761<br>\nIf Party B delivers Products to Party A, and the Products are lost or damaged on and after the time of the delivery due to grounds not attributable to either party, then Party A is not entitled to demand cure of the non-conformity of performance, demand a reduction of the price, claim compensation for loss or damage, or cancel this Agreement, on the ground of the loss or damage. In such case, Party A is not entitled to refuse to pay Party A remuneration.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\n\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6a29\u5229\u30fb\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u3082\u5951\u7d04\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u8005\u304c\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u4e0a\u306e\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<br>\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u306e\u300c\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a9e\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8a33\u6587\u306e\u6587\u4f53\u306f\u3001\u4f8b\u6587\uff0824\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n<p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"100px\">\n(24)\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\u300cS\uff08\u4e3b\u8a9e=\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\uff09\uff0bmay\uff0bV\uff08\u4e3b\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09\u300d\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\u300c\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u539f\u6587\u304c\u300c\u88c1\u91cf\u6a29\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u3068\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3001\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u3067\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6027\u8cea\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a9e\u300d\u306b\u300cmay\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u7ffb\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>\u5f15\u7528\u6587\u732e<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(1)\"><\/a>(1) <a href=\"#(1)b\">^<\/a> Cynthia M. Adams &amp; Peter K. Cramer, A Practical Guide to Drafting Contracts (Second Edition), Wolters Kluwer, 2020, pp. 83 -84\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cADAMS &amp; CRAMER\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(2)\"><\/a>(2) <a href=\"#(2)b\">^<\/a> LENNE EIDSON ESPENSCHIED, CONTRACT DRAFTING Powerful Prose in Transactional Practice, Third Edition, American Bar Association, 2019, p. 100\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cESPENSCHIED\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(3)\"><\/a>(3) <a href=\"#(3)b\">^<\/a> Kenneth A. Adams, A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting, FOURTH EDITION, American Bar Association, 2017, [3-187]\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cK. ADAMS (Manual)\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(4)\"><\/a>(4) <a href=\"#(4)b\">^<\/a> BRYAN A. GARNER, GARNER\u2019S DICTIONARY OF LEGAL USAGE, Third Edition, Oxford, 2011, p.954 \uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cGARNER (Legal Usage)\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(5)\"><\/a>(5) <a href=\"#(5)b\">^<\/a> K. ADAMS (Manual). [3-208]<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(6)\"><\/a>(6) <a href=\"#(6)b\">^<\/a> Fowler\u2019s English Usage (Revised Third Edition by R. W. Burchfield), Oxford, 2004, pp. 483-4<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(7)\"><\/a>(7) <a href=\"#(7)b\">^<\/a> Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, Oxford, Third Edition, 2009, p.316<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(8)\"><\/a>(8) <a href=\"#(8)b\">^<\/a> ESPENSCHIED, p. 100.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(9)\"><\/a>(9) <a href=\"#(9)b\">^<\/a> K. ADAMS (Manual), [3-209]<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(10)\"><\/a>(10) <a href=\"#(10)b\">^<\/a> GARNER (Legal Usage), p. 954<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(11)\"><\/a>(11) <a href=\"#(11)b\">^<\/a> \u56e3\u85e4\u91cd\u5149\u300e\u6cd5\u5b66\u306e\u57fa\u790e\uff08\u7b2c2\u7248\uff09\u300f\u6709\u6590\u95a3\u30012007\u300141-56\u9801<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(12)\"><\/a>(12) <a href=\"#(12)b\">^<\/a> Brian A. Blum, Contracts, Eight Edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2021, pp. 9-10<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(13)\"><\/a>(13) <a href=\"#(13)b\">^<\/a> \u5c71\u672c\u656c\u4e09\u300e\u6c11\u6cd5\u8b1b\u7fa9\u2160\u300f\u6709\u6590\u95a3\u30012001\u5e74\u300190\u9801\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3001\u7279\u306b\u300197\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(14)\"><\/a>(14) <a href=\"#(14)b\">^<\/a> \u6f6e\u898b\u4f73\u7537\u300e\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u70ba\u6cd5\uff08\u7b2c2\u7248\uff09I\u300f\u4fe1\u5c71\u793e\u30012009\u300126\u201430\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(15)\"><\/a>(15) <a href=\"#(15)b\">^<\/a> \u4f50\u85e4\u5e78\u6cbb\u300e\u61b2\u6cd5\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248\uff09\u300f\u9752\u6797\u66f8\u9662\u3001\u5e73\u62107\u5e74\u3001424-7\u9801\u3002\u4f50\u85e4\u5e78\u6cbb\u300c\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u4eba\u9593\u50cf\uff0d\u61b2\u6cd5\u5b66\u306e\u9818\u57df\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7ba1\u898b\u2015\u300d\uff08\u300e\u5ca9\u6ce2\u8b1b\u5ea7 \u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u5b66 1\uff0d\u4eba\u300f\u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97\u30011983\u5e74\u3001325-365\u9801\u3001\u6240\u53ce\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(16)\"><\/a>(16) <a href=\"#(16)b\">^<\/a> \u4e2d\u7530\u88d5\u5eb7\u300e\u5951\u7d04\u6cd5\u300f\u6709\u6590\u95a3\u30012017\u5e74\u300154 -55\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(17)\"><\/a>(17) <a href=\"#(17)b\">^<\/a> Michele M Asprey, PLAIN LANGUAGE FOR LAWYERS, Fourth Edition, The Federation Press, 2010, p.206\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cASPREY\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(18)\"><\/a>(18) <a href=\"#(18)b\">^<\/a> Fowler\u2019s English Usage (Revised Third Edition by R. W. Burchfield), Oxford, 2004, pp. 706-7 \uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cFowler\u2019s English Usage\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(19)\"><\/a>(19) <a href=\"#(19)b\">^<\/a> AMERICAN HERITAGE Dictionary of the English Language, FIFITH EDITION, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011, p. 1609 \uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cAmerican Heritage Dictionary\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(20)\"><\/a>(20) <a href=\"#(20)b\">^<\/a> \u52a0\u5cf6\u7965\u9020\u300e\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u306e\u8a71\u300f\u8b1b\u8ac7\u793e\u3001\u662d\u548c51\u5e74\u300184\u20145\u9801<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(21)\"><\/a>(21) <a href=\"#(21)b\">^<\/a> Webster\u2019s Third New International Dictionary OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, G. &amp; C. MERRIAM CO., 1976. pp. 2083-4<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(22)\"><\/a>(22) <a href=\"#(22)b\">^<\/a> \u6a0b\u53e3\u967d\u4e00\u300e\u6bd4\u8f03\u61b2\u6cd5\uff08\u5168\u8a02\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248\uff09\u300f\u9752\u6797\u66f8\u9662\u30011992\u5e74\u3001339\u9801\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002\u963f\u90e8\u30fb\u6c60\u7530\u30fb\u521d\u5bbf\u30fb\u6238\u677e\u7de8\u300e\u61b2\u6cd5\uff08\uff11\uff09\uff3b\u7b2c3\u7248\uff3d\u300f\u6709\u6590\u95a3\u30011995\u5e74\u300112-16\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(23)\"><\/a>(23) <a href=\"#(23)b\">^<\/a> Elmer Doonan &amp; Charles Foster, Drafting, Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2001, p. 182<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(24)\"><\/a>(24) <a href=\"#(24)b\">^<\/a> ASPREY, p. 217<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(25)\"><\/a>(25) <a href=\"#(25)b\">^<\/a> Brayan A. Garner, Black\u2019s Law Dictionary, Eight Edition, West, p.1000<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(26)\"><\/a>(26) <a href=\"#(26)b\">^<\/a> \u5c0f\u6797\u8c9e\u592b\u7de8\u8457\u300e\u82f1\u7c73\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a9e\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u7814\u7a76\u793e\u30012011\u5e74\u30011022\u9801<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(27)\"><\/a>(27) <a href=\"#(27)b\">^<\/a> SHOGKUKAN RANDOM HOUSE ENGLISH JAPANESE DICTIONARY\u3008\u30d1\u30fc\u30bd\u30ca\u30eb\u7248\u3009Edited by SHOGAKUKAN In Close Cooperation with RANDOM HUOSE\u3001\u662d\u548c54\u5e74\u3001\u5c0f\u5b66\u9928\u30011592\u9801<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(28)\"><\/a>(28) <a href=\"#(28)b\">^<\/a> Brayan A. Garner, Black\u2019s Law Dictionary, Eight Edition, West, p.1409. GARNER (Legal Usage), p.954<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(29)\"><\/a>(29) <a href=\"#(29)b\">^<\/a> Bryan A. Garner, LEGAL WRITING IN PLAIN ENGLISH, Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 105\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u300cGARNER (Plain English)\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(30)\"><\/a>(30) <a href=\"#(30)b\">^<\/a> Fowler\u2019s English Usage, p. 706<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(31)\"><\/a>(31) <a href=\"#(31)b\">^<\/a> ASPREY, p. 206<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(32)\"><\/a>(32) <a href=\"#(32)b\">^<\/a> GARNER (Plain English), p. 105<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(33)\"><\/a>(33) <a href=\"#(33)b\">^<\/a> American Heritage Dictionary, p. 1609<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(34)\"><\/a>(34) <a href=\"#(34)b\">^<\/a> \u300cPlain Language Movement\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u53c2\u7167\u3002Michele M Asprey, PLAIN LANGUAGE FOR LAWYERS, 4th edition, 2011, The Federation Press: Chapter 4 Plain language around the world (pp. 64-89). Peter M. Tiersma, Legal Language, The University of Chicago Press, 1999: CHAPTER THIRTEEN Plain English (pp 221-230), APPENDIX E Original Citibank Promissory Note (pp.257-259), APPENDIX F Revised Citibank Promissory Note (pp. 261 -2). The Oxford Handbook of LANGUAGE AND LAW edited by PETER TIERSMA and LAWRENCE M. SOLAN, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2012: CHAPTER 5 THE PLAIN LANGUAGE MOVEMENT (by MARK ADLER)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(35)\"><\/a>(35) <a href=\"#(35)b\">^<\/a> Peter M. Tiersma, Legal Language, The University of Chicago Press, 1999, p.214<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(36)\"><\/a>(36) <a href=\"#(36)b\">^<\/a> GARNER (Legal Usage), p.952<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(37)\"><\/a>(37) <a href=\"#(37)b\">^<\/a> ASPREY, pp. 78-79, p. 207<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(38)\"><\/a>(38) <a href=\"#(38)b\">^<\/a> ASPREY, p. 215<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(39)\"><\/a>(39) <a href=\"#(39)b\">^<\/a> \u4e94\u5341\u5d50\u6e05\uff08\u9234\u6728\u8ce2\u30fb\u66fd\u91ce\u88d5\u592b\u88dc\u8a02\uff09\u300e\u6bd4\u8f03\u6cd5\u30cf\u30f3\u30c9\u30d6\u30c3\u30af\uff3b\u7b2c3\u7248\uff3d\u52c1\u8349\u66f8\u623f\u30012019\u5e74\u3001214\u9801\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5357\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306f\u300c\u6df7\u5408\u6cd5\u7cfb\u300d\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(40)\"><\/a>(40) <a href=\"#(40)b\">^<\/a> ASPREY, pp. 207-8<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(41)\"><\/a>(41) <a href=\"#(41)b\">^<\/a> ASPREY, p. 210<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(42)\"><\/a>(42) <a href=\"#(42)b\">^<\/a> GARNER (Plain English), p. 105.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:90%\"><a id=\"(43)\"><\/a>(43) <a href=\"#(43)b\">^<\/a> ADAMS &amp; CRAMER, pp. 1-7<\/p>\n\n\n<!--\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3-->\n<p><ul class=\"Pagination\">\n<li class=\"Pagination-Item\">\n<a class=\"Pagination-Item-Link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akira-translation.com\/blog\/shall04\/\"><!--1\u3064\u524d\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30b8URL-->\n<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"Pagination-Item-Link-Icon\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\">\n<path stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M11 19l-7-7 7-7m8 14l-7-7 7-7\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"Pagination-Item\">\n<a class=\"Pagination-Item-Link\" 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